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15 results for “belowground competition”
Mechanisms of coexistence: Exploring species sorting and character displacement in woody plants to alleviate belowground competition
<p>Rarely do we observe competitive exclusion within plant communities, even though plants compete for a limited pool of resources. Thus, our understanding of the mechanisms sustaining plant biodiversity might be limited. In this study, we explore two common ecological strategies, species sorting and character displacement, that promote coexistence by reducing competition. We assess the degree to which woody plants may implement these two strategies to lower belowground competition for nutrients which occurs via nutritional (mostly mycorrhizal) mutualisms. First, we compile data on plant traits and the mycorrhizal association state of woody angiosperms using a global inventory of indigenous flora. Our analysis reveals that species in locations with high mycorrhizal diversity exhibit distinct mean values in leaf area and wood density based on their mycorrhizal type, indicating species sorting. Second, we reanalyze a large dataset on leaf area to demonstrate that in areas with high mycorrhizal diversity, trees maintain divergent leaf area values, showcasing character displacement. Character displacement among plants is considered rare, making our observation significant. In summary, our study uncovers a rare occurrence of character displacement and identifies a common mechanism employed by plants to alleviate competition, shedding light on the complexities of plant coexistence in diverse ecosystems.</p>
Mechanisms of coexistence: Exploring species sorting and character displacement in woody plants to alleviate belowground competition
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Data from: Compounding negative effects of leaf litter absence and belowground competition from an invasive spring ephemeral on native spring ephemeral growth and reproduction
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Belowground plant biomass data: Plant Competition Under Different Nitrogen Levels:A Garden Experiment
This garden plot experiment is located next to the E026 gardens in Field E (Old Field 44). This garden contained monocultures of major grass species from across the grassland biome of North America, and also 3 legume species (E070). The design and purpose were similar to E026, except the plots were larger. The basic experimental design consisted of growing plants in monoculture and in various competitive combinations on each of 14 different soil mixtures. In 1988 a bulldozer was used to remove 30 inches of top soil at the site. To each plot a certain amount of black dirt, ranging from 0.3 inches to 10 inches, was added. Total carbon ranged from 0.1928% to 5.63134% and total nitrogen ranged from 0.0158% to 0.4591%. The exact amounts of black soil added to each plot are described in the field operations. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 \
Belowground competition alters attractiveness of an insect-pollinated plant to pollinators
<p>Dataset of paper "Belowground competition alters attractiveness of an insect-pollinated plant to pollinators", AOB Plants</p>
Belowground plant competition: Uncoupling root response strategies of peas
<p>Belowground plant competition was shown to induce varying responses, from increases to decreases in root biomass allocation or in directional root placement. Such inconsistencies could result from the fact that root allocation and directional growth were seldom studied together, even though they might represent different strategies. Moreover, variations in belowground responses might be due to different size hierarchies between plants, but this hypothesis was not studied previously. In a greenhouse rhizobox experiment, we examined the way both root allocation and directional root placement of <em>Pisum sativum</em> are affected by the size and density of <em>Festuca glauca</em> neighbors, and by nutrient distribution. We found that root allocation of <em>P. sativum</em> increased with the density and size of <em>F. glauca</em>. In contrast, directional root placement was unaffected by neighbor size and either increased toward or away from neighbors when nutrients were patchily or uniformly distributed, respectively. These results demonstrate that directional root placement under competition is contingent on the distribution of soil resources. Interestingly, our results suggest that root allocation and directional placement might be uncoupled strategies that simultaneously provide stress tolerance and spatial responsiveness to neighbors, thus highlighting the importance of measuring both when studying belowground plant competition.</p>
Belowground plant competition: Uncoupling root response strategies of peas
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Data from: Belowground competition in forest and prairie
The hypothesis that the intensity of belowground competition varies with community standing crop was tested in forest and prairie in central Canada. Three plots were studied in each habitat. Forest had significantly higher soil nitrate, ammonium, water, and root biomass than prairie, but significantly lower root:shoot ratios. Transplants of a grass (Bouteloua gracilis) and a tree (Populus deltoides) were grown singly for one summer in both habitats with live neighbor roots either absent or present. Live neighbor roots were removed by cutting roots along the perimeter of a 10 cm diameter circle to a depth of 15 cm and then inserting a plastic tube (10 cm diameter, 15 cm long) vertically into the soil. Transplants grown with live neighbor roots also had neighbor roots cut along the perimeter of a 10 cm diameter circle, but no tube was installed. There were ten replicates of each combination of species and root treatment in each plot. The aboveground biomass of transplants showed a significant interactive effect between habitat and competition treatment. Biomass was significantly lower in the presence of neighbor roots in prairie, but not in forest. Neighbor roots significantly decreased the survivorship of the tree but not the grass. Belowground competition was most intense in prairie, where the supply of soil resources was lowest.
Data from: Belowground competition in forest and prairie
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Data from: Belowground competition favors character convergence but not character displacement in root traits
<p>1. Character displacement can play a major role in species ecology and evolution, however, research testing whether character displacement can influence the evolution of root traits in plant systems remains scarce in the literature. Here we investigated the potential that character displacement may influence the evolution of root traits using two closely related morning glory species, <i>Ipomoea purpurea</i> and <i>I. hederacea</i>.</p> <p>2. We performed a field experiment where we grew the common morning glory, <i>I. purpurea</i>, in the presence and absence of competition from <i>I. hederacea</i> and examined the potential that the process of character displacement could influence the evolution of root traits.</p> <p>3. We found maternal line variation in root phenotypes and evidence that belowground competition acts as an agent of selection on these traits. Our test of character displacement, however, showed evidence of character <i>convergenc</i>e on our measure of root architecture rather than <i>displacement</i>. These results suggest that plants may be constrained by their local environments to express a phenotype that enhances fitness. Therefore, the conditions of the competitive environment experienced by a plant may influence the potential for character convergence<i> </i>or displacement to influence the evolution of root traits.</p>
Belowground competition can influence the evolution of root traits
<p>Although root traits play a critical role in mediating plant-plant interactions and resource acquisition from the soil environment, research examining if and how belowground competition can influence the evolution of root traits remains largely unexplored. Here we examine the potential that root traits may evolve as a target of selection from interspecific competition using <i>Ipomoea purpurea </i>and <i>I. hederacea, </i>two closely related morning glory species that commonly co-occur in the United States as a model system. We show that belowground competitive interactions between the two species can alter the pattern of selection on root traits in each species. Specifically, competition with <i>I. purpurea</i> changes the pattern of selection on root angle in <i>I. hederacea</i>, and competitive interactions with <i>I. hederacea</i> changes the pattern of selection on root size in <i>I. purpurea</i>. However, we did not uncover evidence that intraspecific competition altered the pattern of selection on any root traits within <i>I. hederacea</i>. Overall, our results suggest that belowground competition between closely related species<i> </i>can influence the phenotypic evolution of root traits in natural populations. Our findings provide a microevolutionary perspective of how competitive belowground interactions may impact plant fitness, potentially leading to patterns of plant community structure.</p>
Interplay of above- and belowground resource limitations: a competition-facilitation shift maintains species coexistence
<p>Forest ecosystems are commonly characterised by a hierarchy of resources. During a disturbance of a forest community, increased light availability in the understorey can support competitive interactions at the expense of facilitation. This may overwhelm the role of belowground resource heterogeneity in maintaining species coexistence and so result in biotic homogenisation of a site. We re-surveyed species composition while estimating interspecific interactions along a microtopographic (moisture) gradient of a temperate swamp forest after increasing the availability of light into the undergrowth. We measured temporal changes in species diversity, compositional dissimilarity measures and functional traits, while belowground resource heterogeneity remained unchanged over time. To explain observed changes in terms of prevailing interspecific interactions, we evaluated temporal changes in the competition-facilitation balance. The productivity of understorey vegetation increased strongly over the five years of the study. This was accompanied by an increase in species diversity and the maintenance of compositional dissimilarity. The relative importance of competitive and facilitative interactions along the microtopographic gradient did not change over time. Rather than an overall biotic homogenisation of a site, we observed a spread of resource acquisitive species within the resource-rich sites and of stress-tolerant species within the resource-limited sites. We have shown that the temporary increase in productivity did not mitigate the effects of belowground resource heterogeneity on plant species turnover, which is likely maintained by contrasting interspecific interactions prevalent in different parts of the resource gradient. This suggests contrasting community assembly processes maintain diversity and productivity even in a local community.</p>
Interplay of above- and belowground resource limitations: a competition-facilitation shift maintains species coexistence
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Belowground competition can influence the evolution of root traits
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Data from: Belowground competition favors character convergence but not character displacement in root traits
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