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11 results for “belowground herbivory”
SGS-LTER Disturbance intensity and above- and belowground herbivory effects on long-term recovery of shortgrass steppe on the Central Plains Experimental Range, Nunn, Colorado, USA 1977-1990
This data package was produced by researchers working on the Shortgrass Steppe Long Term Ecological Research (SGS-LTER) Project, administered at Colorado State University. Long-term datasets and background information (proposals, reports, photographs, etc.) on the SGS-LTER project are contained in a comprehensive project collection within the Digital Collections of Colorado (http://digitool.library.colostate.edu/R/?func=collections&collection_id=3429). The data table and associated metadata document, which is generated in Ecological Metadata Language, may be available through other repositories serving the ecological research community and represent components of the larger SGS-LTER project collection. Additional information and referenced materials can be found: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83444 The importance of disturbance intensity and herbivory by cattle and white grubs, or the larvae of June beetles to recovery of shortgrass steppe ecosystems in Colorado, USA were evaluated over a 14 year time period. Disturbance intensity was defined by survival of the dominant grass species (Bouteloua gracilis) after an outbreak of root feeding activity by white grubs. 16 patches of vegetation consisting of four pairs of adjacent ungrazed-grazed by cattle locations with 2 replicates that were recently affected by white grubs were selected in 1977. Disturbance intensity was determined in 1977 by the area in each patch that contained live tillers of B. gracilis. Permanent plots were lcoated both within and outside of each patch. Plant basal cover and density by species were estimated at time of peak aboveground biomass in 6 different years on each plot. Successional dynamics on patches was similar to areas affected by other types of disturbances, however, rate of recovery was faster for patches affected by grubs. Grazing by cattle was infrequently important to plant recovery, a result similar to effects of grazing on other aspects of shortgrass steppe. Disturbance intensity wa
Aboveground herbivory causes belowground changes in twelve oak Quercus species: a phylogenetic analysis of root biomass and non‐structural carbohydrate storage
Plant ecosystem structure is understood to be a result of complex multitrophic interactions. Most multitrophic studies focus on plant aboveground adaptations to aboveground herbivore pressures, neglecting belowground adaptations in response to aboveground damage. Differential investment in root structures may allow plants to compensate for tissue loss or damage due to herbivores. Furthermore, phylogeny may constrain a plant's ability to adapt belowground. We examined the belowground responses of 12 species of oak (Quercus) to varying locations and intensities of simulated herbivore damage. We first established that oak belowground traits responded to aboveground herbivory by measuring patterns of investment in coarse vs fine root structures and re-allocation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) to root storage. We then tested whether phylogeny could explain variations in investment patterns using phylogenetic independent contrasts. Plant adaptations to aboveground herbivory included allocating biomass and carbon reserves to root structures, depending on the location and intensity of herbivore damage. NSC re-allocation to root storage was observed when oak species experienced any type of damage, but damage to lateral tissues caused a greater re-allocation than apical damage or control treatments. We found that most belowground responses to aboveground herbivory are species-specific and may be adapted for environmental conditions or type of herbivory. Some responses to herbivore damage, such as changes in fine-root mass and root sugar concentrations, were phylogenetically constrained. Phylogenetic constraints generally occur when there is severe damage at the apical meristem. Plants may adapt to aboveground tissue loss due to varying herbivore pressures (i.e. varying location and intensity of damage) by differentially investing in root types and NSC re-allocation to root storage. Understanding linkages between and phylogenetic constraints of plant belowground responses to aboveground herbivory will improve our understanding of the ecological processes involved in multitrophic interactions.
Aboveground herbivory causes belowground changes in twelve oak Quercus species: a phylogenetic analysis of root biomass and non‐structural carbohydrate storage
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Disentangling the influence of water limitation and simultaneous above and belowground herbivory on plant tolerance and resistance to stress
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Data from: Fungal volatiles influence plant defence against aboveground and belowground herbivory
<ol> <li>Plants have evolved resistance traits that negatively affect attackers, and tolerance traits that sustain plant growth despite herbivore damage. These mechanisms often co-occur in a mixed-defence strategy, balancing resistance and tolerance. These plant defences can be enhanced upon interaction with soil microorganisms.</li> <li>Here, we investigated the effects of volatiles emitted by soil-borne fungi on plant defence to insect herbivory, and on plant phenology.</li> <li>We exposed roots of <i>Brassica rapa </i>plants to volatiles emitted by four soil-borne fungi. As a proxy of plant resistance, we assessed the performance of <i>Pieris brassicae</i>, a caterpillar feeding on leaves and inflorescences, and of <i>Delia radicum</i>, an insect root herbivore. As a proxy of plant tolerance, we compared growth of volatile-exposed plants challenged with or without insects. Additionally, we assessed the effects on plant phenology by recording bolting time and by counting the number of buds and flowers.</li> <li>Plant exposure to fungal volatiles differentially affected plant resistance to above- and belowground herbivory. Performance of <i>P. brassicae</i> caterpillars differed between the fungal volatile-exposed plants but were variable between experimental batches. In contrast, the effects of fungal volatiles on <i>D. radicum</i> performance was predominantly negative, indicating an increased plant resistance. Despite root consumption by <i>D. radicum</i>, root dry weight remained unchanged in infested plants compared with uninfested ones, irrespectively of the volatile exposure, suggesting compensation for the tissue loss, sometimes at the cost of undamaged aboveground tissues. When<i> B. rapa</i> plants were attacked by <i>P. brassicae</i> caterpillars, only exposure to volatiles of some fungi led to compensation for the loss of aboveground tissues consumed by the caterpillars, which differed between leaves and inflorescences. Furthermore, bolting was accelerated in response to volatiles of some fungi, resulting in more buds and flowers, which suggests a potential enhancement of plant fitness.</li> <li>Our data show that fungal volatiles can modulate the mixed-defence strategies of <i>B. rapa</i> plants, balancing plant resistance and tolerance to above- and belowground herbivory. These effects may be variable and were fungus-specific. Ultimately, plant fitness may be enhanced upon root exposure to fungal volatiles. <p> </p> </li> </ol>
Data from: Costs and tradeoffs of resistance and tolerance to belowground herbivory in potato
1. The success of sustainable crop production depends on our ability to select or create varieties that can allocate resources to both growth and defence. However, breeding efforts have emphasized increases in yields but have partially neglected defence traits against pests. Estimating the costs of multiple defences against tuber herbivores and the tradeoffs among them, as well as understanding the relationship between yield and multiple defences is still unknown but relevant to both basic and applied ecology. 2. Using twenty commercial potato varieties available in Colombia and the tuber herbivore Tecia solanivora, we tested whether high yielding varieties show a reduction in three types of defence: constitutive and induced resistance, as well as tolerance. Specifically, we determined (1) the costs in terms of yield of all three defences, (2) the possible tradeoffs among them, and (3) if oviposition preference was related to the expression of these defences. 3. We detected no costs in terms of yield of constitutive and induced resistance to tuber damage. We did, however, find evidence of costs of being able to tolerate tuber herbivory. While we found no tradeoffs among any of the estimated defences, there was a positive correlation between aboveground compensatory growth and tolerance in terms of tuber production, suggesting that after damage there are no shifts in the allocation of resources from aboveground to belowground biomass. Finally, we found that females laid more eggs on those varieties with the lowest level of constitutive resistance. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that in potatoes, breeding for higher yields has not caused any reduction in constitutive or induced resistance to tuber damage. This is not the case for tolerance where those varieties with higher yields are also less likely to tolerate tuber damage. Given the high incidence of tuber pests in Colombia, selecting for higher tolerance could allow for high productivity in the presence of herbivores. Finding mechanisms to decouple the tolerance response from yield should be a new priority in potato breeding in Colombia to guarantee a higher yield in both the presence and absence of herbivores.
L-DOPA functions as a plant pheromone for belowground anti-herbivory communication
<p>Dataset published in Letter for Ecology Letters</p> <p>While mechanisms of plant-plant communication for alerting neighbouring plants of an imminent insect herbivore attack have been described aboveground via the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we are yet to decipher the specific components of plant-plant signalling belowground. Using bioassay-guided fractionation, we isolated and identified the non-protein amino acid , released from roots of Acyrtosiphon pisum aphid-infested Vicia faba plants, as an active compound in triggering the production of VOCs released aboveground in uninfested plants. In behavioural assays, we show that after contact with healthy plants become highly attractive to the aphid parasitoid (Aphidius ervi), as if they were infested by aphids. We conclude that neurotransmitter precursor L-DOPA, originally described as a brain can also enhance immunity in plants.</p>
Data from: Root herbivory indirectly affects above- and belowground community members and directly reduces plant performance
1.There is widespread recognition that above- and below-ground organisms are linked through their interactions with host plants that span terrestrial subsystems. In addition to direct effects on plants, soil organisms such as root herbivores can indirectly alter interactions between plants and other community members, with potentially important effects on plant growth and fitness. 2. We manipulated root herbivory by Acalymma vittatum in Cucumis sativus to determine indirect effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, leaf herbivory, the leaf pathogen downy mildew, and pollinators. We also manipulated pollen receipt by plants to determine if root herbivory reduced plant reproduction through changes in pollinator visitation. 3. Overall, root herbivory had strong net negative effects on plant growth and fitness, with 34% reductions in both leaf and fruit production by high root damage levels relative to control, despite reduced infection by downy mildew. High root herbivory also reduced floral visitation by 39%, apparently due to lower flower production, as flower size and scent were unaffected. Above-ground herbivory was not affected by root herbivores. 4. Although root herbivory reduced pollinator visits, pollen receipt manipulations had no effect on fruit set, indicating that reduced pollinator service did not affect plant reproduction. 5. Synthesis. Root herbivory had indirect effects on a range of community members, including mutualists and antagonists both above- and below-ground. Although reduced pathogen infection associated with root herbivory would be expected to benefit plants, root herbivory had an overall strong negative effect on plant growth and reproduction, indicating that direct negative effects over-rode any potential indirect benefits.
Data from: Costs and tradeoffs of resistance and tolerance to belowground herbivory in potato
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Data from: Root herbivory indirectly affects above- and belowground community members and directly reduces plant performance
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Data from: Fungal volatiles influence plant defence against aboveground and belowground herbivory
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