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26 results for “bet-hedging”
Multiple-batch spawning as a bet-hedging strategy in highly stochastic environments: an exploratory analysis of Atlantic cod
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Stochastic environments shape life-history traits and can promote selection for risk-spreading strategies, such as bet-hedging. Although the strategy has often been hypothesised to exist for various species, empirical tests providing firm evidence have been rare, mainly due to the challenge in tracking fitness across generations. Here, we take a 'proof of principle' approach to explore whether the reproductive strategy of multiple-batch spawning constitutes a bet-hedging. We used Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) as the study species and parameterised an eco-evolutionary model, using empirical data on size-related reproductive and survival traits. To evaluate the fitness benefits of multiple-batch spawning (within a single breeding period), the mechanistic model separately simulated multiple-batch and single-batch spawning populations under temporally varying environments. We followed the arithmetic and geometric mean fitness associated with both strategies and quantified the mean changes in fitness under several environmental stochasticity levels. We found that, by spreading the environmental risk among batches, multiple-batch spawning increases fitness under fluctuating environmental conditions. The multiple-batch spawning trait is, thus, advantageous and acts as a bet-hedging strategy when the environment is exceptionally unpredictable. Our research identifies an analytically flexible, stochastic, life-history modelling approach to explore the fitness consequences of a risk-spreading strategy and elucidates the importance of evolutionary applications to life-history diversity. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Diapause is not selected as a bet-hedging strategy in insects: a meta-analysis of reaction norm shapes
<p>Many organisms escape from lethal climatological conditions by entering a resistant resting stage called diapause, and it is essential that this strategy remains optimally timed with seasonal change. Climate change therefore exerts selection pressure on phenology, which is expected to cause the evolution of mean diapause timing, but also phenotypic plasticity and bet-hedging strategies. Especially the latter as a strategy to cope with unpredictability is so far little considered in the context of climate change, and it is unknown whether it can readily evolve.</p> <p>Contemporary patterns of phenological strategies across a geographic range may provide information about their evolvability. We thus extracted 458 diapause reaction norms from 60 studies. First, we correlated mean diapause timing with mean winter onset. Then we partitioned the reaction norm variance into a temporal component (phenotypic plasticity) and among-offspring variance (diversified bet-hedging) and correlated this variance composition with predictability of winter onset. Contrary to our expectation, mean diapause timing correlated only weakly with mean winter onset, as populations at high latitudes failed to track early onsets. Variance among offspring was also limited and correlated only weakly with environmental predictability, indicating little scope for bet-hedging. We conclude that constraints may limit the evolution of phenology in a rapidly changing climate.</p>
Data for: Variability in thermal and phototactic preferences in Drosophila may reflect an adaptive bet-hedging strategy
<p>Data and code for "Variability in thermal and phototactic preferences in <em>Drosophila</em> may reflect an adaptive bet-hedging strategy." </p> <p>.zip file contains .mats with data, a LabView .vi for the acquisition instrument, and Matlab .m analysis and visualization scripts. </p> <p>The included index.html file acts as a readme and contains descriptions of all other files and links.</p>
Data from: Shifting precipitation regimes influence optimal germination strategies and population dynamics in bet-hedging desert annuals
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Diapause is not selected as a bet-hedging strategy in insects: a meta-analysis of reaction norm shapes
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Multiple-batch spawning as a bet-hedging strategy in highly stochastic environments: an exploratory analysis of Atlantic cod
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Data from: Mating portfolios: bet-hedging, sexual selection and female multiple mating
Polyandry (female multiple mating) has profound evolutionary and ecological implications. Despite considerable work devoted to understanding why females mate multiply, we currently lack convincing empirical evidence to explain the adaptive value of polyandry. Here, we provide a direct test of the controversial idea that bet-hedging functions as a risk-spreading strategy that yields multi-generational fitness benefits to polyandrous females. Unfortunately, testing this hypothesis is far from trivial, and the empirical comparison of the across-generations fitness payoffs of a polyandrous (bet hedger) versus a monandrous (non-bet hedger) strategy has never been accomplished because of numerous experimental constraints presented by most 'model' species. In this study, we take advantage of the extraordinary tractability and versatility of a marine broadcast spawning invertebrate to overcome these challenges. We are able to simulate multi-generational (geometric mean) fitness among individual females assigned simultaneously to a polyandrous and monandrous mating strategy. Our approaches, which separate and account for the effects of sexual selection and pure bet-hedging scenarios, reveal that bet-hedging, in addition to sexual selection, can enhance evolutionary fitness in multiply mated females. In addition to offering a tractable experimental approach for addressing bet-hedging theory, our study provides key insights into the evolutionary ecology of sexual interactions.
Data from: When sensing is gambling: an experimental system reveals how plasticity can generate tunable bet-hedging strategies
Genotypes can persist in unpredictable environments by 'hedging their bets' and producing diverse phenotypes. Theoretical studies have shown that the phenotypic variability needed for a bet-hedging strategy can be generated by factors either inside or outside an organism. However, sensing the environment and bet hedging are frequently treated as distinct evolutionary strategies. Furthermore, nearly all empirical studies of the molecular underpinnings of bet-hedging strategies to date have focused on internal sources of variability. We took a synthetic approach and constructed an experimental system where a phenotypic trade-off is mediated by actively sensing a cue present in the environment. We show that active sensing can generate a diversified bet-hedging strategy. Mutations affecting the norm of reaction to the cue alter the diversification strategy, indicating that bet hedging by active sensing is evolvable. Our results indicate that a broader class of biological systems should be considered as potential examples of bet-hedging strategies, and that research into the structure of environmental variability is needed to distinguish bet-hedging strategies from adaptive plasticity.
Altruistic bet-hedging and the evolution of cooperation in a Kalahari bird
<p>Analyses of the global biogeography of altruism suggest that unpredictable environments have favoured the evolution of altruistic helping behaviour (helping to rear the offspring of others). It has therefore been hypothesised that selection for altruism may frequently arise because helping reduces variance in the reproductive success of relatives in unpredictable environments (a scenario termed 'altruistic bet-hedging'). Here we show that helping behaviour does reduce environmentally-induced variance in the reproductive success of relatives in a wild cooperative bird, the white-browed sparrow-weaver (<i>Plocepasser mahali</i>). Our decade-long study in the Kalahari desert reveals that non-breeding helpers have no overall effect on the mean reproductive success of related breeders, but instead reduce <i>variance </i>in the reproductive success of related breeders. Moreover, this variance reduction arises in part because helpers specifically reduce unpredictable rainfall-induced variance in reproductive success, just as hypothesised by global comparative analyses. Our novel analytical approach implicates effects of helping <i>per se </i>rather than correlated effects of group size and isolates within-mother effects of helping from potentially confounding among-mother variation in performance. Our findings lend new strength to the leading explanation for the global biogeography of altruism and highlight the wider importance of considering the impacts of altruism on both the mean and variance in performance of recipients.</p>
Data for: Bet-hedging via dispersal aids the evolution of plastic responses to unreliable cues
<p>Adaptive plasticity is expected to evolve when informative cues predict environmental variation. However, plastic responses can be maladaptive even when those cues are informative, if prediction mistakes are shared across members of a generation. These fitness costs can constrain the evolution of plasticity when initial plastic mutants use cues of only moderate reliability. Here we model the barriers to the evolution of plasticity produced by these constraints and show that dispersal across a metapopulation can overcome them. Constraints are also lessened, though not eliminated, when plastic responses are free to evolve gradually and in concert with increased reliability. Each of these factors can be viewed as a form of bet-hedging: by lessening correlations in the fates of relatives, dispersal acts as diversifying bet-hedging, while producing submaximal responses to a cue can be understood as a conservative bet-hedging strategy. While poor information may constrain the evolution of plasticity, the opportunity for bet-hedging may predict when that constraint can be overcome. </p>
Data from: An empirical test of bet-hedging polyandry hypothesis in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus
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An empirical test of the bet-hedging polyandry hypothesis: female red flour beetles avoid extinction via multiple mating
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Data from: When sensing is gambling: an experimental system reveals how plasticity can generate tunable bet-hedging strategies
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Data from: Temporal variability and cooperative breeding: testing the bet-hedging hypothesis in the acorn woodpecker
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Data for: Bet-hedging via dispersal aids the evolution of plastic responses to unreliable cues
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Data from: Mating portfolios: bet-hedging, sexual selection and female multiple mating
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Altruistic bet-hedging and the evolution of cooperation in a Kalahari bird
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Figure 2 from: Joschinski J (2016) Benefits and costs of aphid phenological bet-hedging strategies. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9580. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.2.e9580
Figure 2 - Maintenance and production costs of bet-hedging. I expect that aphids which invest into bet-hedging produce offspring of lower quality, irrespective of environmental conditions (maintenance costs). In addition, I expect that the costs increase when the bet-hedging trait is expressed (production costs). To test these hypotheses, the data will be analysed separately for sexual and parthenogenetic parents (dashed line = critical day length).
Figure 1 from: Joschinski J (2016) Benefits and costs of aphid phenological bet-hedging strategies. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9580. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.2.e9580
Figure 1 - Phenotypic variance in sexual offspring production. When aphids are subjected to different day lengths, the induction of sexual offspring follows a logistic curve. Near the critical day length (were 50% of the offspring are sexual) there is a transient period in which the choice of offspring type is stochastic. I expect that clones from predictable (black, circles) and unpredictable (red, triangles) environments differ in slope of day length response and thus in the extent of the transient period. In total, 12 clones, each from a different environment, will be tested.
Figure 3 from: Joschinski J (2016) Benefits and costs of aphid phenological bet-hedging strategies. Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9580. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.2.e9580
Figure 3 - Intended setup of the main experiment. The focal generation will be kept on individual plants for its full lifetime (middle column), starting two days before birth (left column). All offspring will be raised into adults (right column) to determine the reproductive mode of their parents.
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