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46 results for “beta-diversity”
Pawpaws prevent predictability: A locally-dominant tree alters understory beta-diversity and community assembly
<p>Data used in "Pawpaws Prevent Predictability: A locally-dominant tree alters understory beta-diversity and community assembly" (Wassel and Myers) accepted for publication in Ecosphere.<br><br><strong>Metadata for Zenodo.pdf </strong>contains more information on the following data files including descriptions of the columns. </p> <p>The file <strong>understory_abundance_data2021.csv</strong> contains all species abundances in 1x1m plots. This data was used for analyses in publication. Each row is a plot, each column is a speceis or plot descriptor, values for columns 5 and higher are species abundances. Data was collected July-August 2021 by Anna Wassel in Missouri, USA. </p> <p>The file <strong>understory_species_list2021.csv </strong>contains a list of the species codes used in the first file with their scientific names and their status as herbs or woody. This was used to filter out herbaceous species from the data set for herbaceous-only analyses. </p> <p> </p>
Supplementary material for "High semi-natural vegetation cover and heterogeneity of field sizes promote bird beta-diversity at larger scales in Ethiopian Highlands"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <ol> <li>The intensification of farming practices exerts detrimental effects on biodiversity. Most research has focused on declines in species richness at local scales (alpha-diversity) although species loss is exacerbated by biotic homogenization that operates at larger scales (i.e., affecting beta-diversity). The majority of studies have been conducted in temperate, industrialized countries while tropical areas remain poorly studied. Agricultural landscapes of sub-Saharan Africa are still largely dominated by small-scale subsistence farming, but strenuous efforts to intensify farming practices are currently spreading to meet a growing food demand. It is therefore crucial to understand how these intensified practices affect biodiversity to mitigate their negative impacts. </li> <li>We investigated how farming system (small- vs large-scale farming) and landscape complexity (semi-natural vegetation cover) drive bird species composition, community turnover, and beta-diversity patterns in Ethiopian Highlands’ agroecosystems. We evaluated the following hypotheses: (1) large-scale farming homogenizes bird communities, (2) community turnover is higher in small-scale farms, (3) interactive effects between landscape complexity and farming systems shape avian communities, (4) heterogeneity of field sizes increases community turnover at larger scales. </li> <li>Bird communities underwent greater compositional changes along the landscape complexity than along the agricultural intensity gradient. Contrary to our expectations, beta-diversity was not significantly lower within large-scale farms (no biotic homogenization), and complex landscapes that still offer a high amount of semi-natural vegetation promoted community turnover in both farming systems. </li> <li>Semi-natural vegetation cover mediated how avian communities responded to agricultural intensification: the compositional differences between small- and large-scale farms increased with vegetation cover, further promoting avian community heterogeneity at the landscape level.</li> <li>The heterogeneity in field sizes also enhanced bird community turnover, suggesting that a combination of both small- and large-scale farming systems within a given landscape unit would promote beta-diversity at larger scales, provided large-scale farms do not become dominant.</li> <li>Synthesis and applications: Landscape complexity shaped avian communities to a stronger degree than farming intensity, emphasizing the importance of semi-natural vegetation and landscape heterogeneity for the maintenance of diverse bird communities and for achieving multifunctional landscapes promoting biodiversity and associated ecosystem services on the High Ethiopian plateaus. <br> </li> </ol>
Intermediate data for: Environment and shipping drive eDNA beta-diversity among commercial ports
<p>Intermediate data generated by Paul Czechowski as part of MEC-22-0945.R1 using code stored at <a href="https://github.com/macrobiotus/ships_and_bugs">GitHub</a>, most recently release with <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7600608">DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7600608 </a> . Pre-print with linked final manuscript version available at BioRxiv via <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.07.463538">DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.07.463538</a>. Please refer to the published manuscript for a full list of available digital resources associated with this work.</p>
Data from publication: Castillioni, K., & Isbell, F. (2023). Early positive spatial selection effects of beta-diversity on ecosystem functioning. Landscape Ecology, 1-15.
Data from publication: Castillioni, K., & Isbell, F. (2023). Early positive spatial selection effects of beta-diversity on ecosystem functioning. Landscape Ecology, 1-15. Spatial beta-diversity may increase landscape productivity if there are positive spatial selection effects. Alternatively, dominant species in mixtures might not be the most productive species in monoculture leading to negative or neutral spatial selection effects. However, these hypotheses remain untested experimentally. Seedling survival can determine species establishment, influencing productivity later. To address this knowledge gap, we experimentally tested whether transplanted seedlings of dominant species optimally sort among habitat types (grassland dominated by Andropogon gerardii, savanna by Quercus macrocarpa, deciduous forest by Acer rubrum, coniferous forest by Pinus strobus, bog by Larix laricina), creating positive effects of landscape diversity on seedling survival and net biodiversity effects at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (CCESR) in Minnesota, USA. The study is named BetaDIV and consists of 100 plots (20 plots per habitat × 5 habitats). Each of the five habitats includes two true replicate monocultures for each of the five species and two true replicates for each of the five possible mixture compositions of four species (leaving each one out in turn to eventually explore the effect of species identity). Each plot is 1.5 by 1.5 m, with 12 seedlings planted 0.5 m apart in a 4 × 4 square grid, except in the plot corners. In the early June 2022, we tagged and planted all seedlings (i.e., bareroot seedlings for trees and plugs for the grass A. gerardii). Two weeks after the initial transplanting, we started tracking seedling survival (presented here) to investigate how seedlings responded to local habitat conditions. We conducted a seedling census for each of the 1200 tagged seedlings (12 seedlings per plot×100 plots), in early September 2022, which was two months at the end
Data from: Flooding and soil composition determine beta-diversity of lowland forests in Northern South America
Beta diversity may be determined by dispersal limitation, environment and phylogeographic history. Our objective was to advance the understanding of plant species turnover in rainforests in Northern South America and determine which factors are affecting species beta-diversity. We evaluated the relative effect of environmental variables (i.e. soil, climate, fragmentation and flooding frequency) and dispersal limitation (i.e. geographical distance and resistance distance due mountain barriers) on tree beta diversity in 32 1-ha lowland forest plots. We found that tree species turnover was better explained by environmental distance than by geographic distance. Although, soil conditions and flooding regime were good predictors of tree species composition, almost half of the variance remained unexplained. In our study system, the Eastern Andean ridge had no significant effect on plant beta diversity, probably because of its young age in relation to the phylogeny. Our results provide support for the importance of environmental factors and suggests a more restricted role of dispersal limitation. Therefore, we advise that conservation strategies of lowland trees should consider specific forest types (e.g. seasonally flooded vs. terra firme, as well as piedmont vs. central Amazonian forests).
Decoupled responses of above- and below-ground beta-diversity to nitrogen enrichment in a typical steppe
<p>Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition affects biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. However, we do not know whether the effects of N on above-ground plant β-diversity are coupled with changes occurring in the soil seed bank. We conducted a long-term N-addition experiment in a typical steppe and found that above-ground β-diversity increased and then decreased with increasing N addition, whereas below-ground β-diversity decreased linearly. This suggests decoupled dynamics of plant communities and their soil seed bank under N enrichment. Species substitution determined above- and below-ground β-diversity change via an increasing role of deterministic processes with N addition. These effects were mostly driven by differential responses of the above-ground vegetation and the soil seed bank β-diversities to N-induced changes in environmental heterogeneity, increased soil inorganic N concentrations and soil acidification. Our findings highlight the importance of considering above- and below-ground processes simultaneously for effectively conserving grassland ecosystems under N enrichment.</p>
Data from: multidimensional beta-diversity across local and regional scales in a Chinese subtropical forest: the role of forest structure
<p>Beta-diversity, or the spatio-temporal variation in community composition, can be partitioned into turnover and nestedness components in a multidimensional framework. Forest structure, including comprehensive characteristics of vertical and horizontal complexity, strongly affects species composition and its spatial variation. However, the effects of forest structure on beta-diversity patterns in multidimensional and multiple-scale contexts are poorly understood. Here, we assessed beta-diversity at local (a 20-ha forest dynamics plot) and regional (a plot network composed of 19 1-ha plots) scales in a Chinese subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. We then evaluated the relative importance of forest structure, topography, and spatial structure on beta-diversity and its turnover and nestedness components in taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic dimensions at local and regional scales. We derived forest structural parameters from both unmanned aerial vehicle light detection and ranging (UAV LiDAR) data and plot inventory data. Turnover component dominated total beta-diversity for all dimensions at the two scales. With the exception of some components (taxonomic and functional turnover at the local scale; functional nestedness at the regional scale), environmental factors (i.e., topography and forest structure) contributed more than pure spatial variation. Explanations of forest structure for beta-diversity and its component patterns at the local scale were higher than those at the regional scale. The joint effects of spatial structure and forest structure influenced component patterns in all dimensions (except for functional turnover) to some extent at the local scale, while pure forest structure influenced taxonomic and phylogenetic nestedness patterns to some extent at the regional scale. Our results highlight the importance and scale dependence of forest structure in shaping multidimensional beta-diversity and its component patterns. Clearly, further studies need to link forest structure directly to ecological processes (e.g., asymmetric light competition and disturbance dynamics) and explore its roles in biodiversity maintenance.</p>
Wildfire severity alters drivers of interaction beta-diversity in plant-bee networks
Spatial variation in species interactions (interaction β-diversity) and its ecological drivers are poorly understood, despite their relevance to community assembly, conservation, and ecosystem functioning. We investigated effects of wildfire severity on patterns and four proximate ecological drivers of interaction β-diversity in plant-bee communities across three localities in the Northern Rocky Mountains (Montana, USA). Wildfires decreased interaction β-diversity but increased interaction frequency (number of visits) and richness (number of links). After controlling for interaction frequency and richness, standardized effect sizes of interaction β-diversity were highest following mixed-severity wildfires, intermediate following high-severity wildfires, and lowest in unburned landscapes, suggesting that wildfire increases spatial aggregation of plant-bee interactions. Moreover, higher effect sizes in burned landscapes were largely determined by turnover in the species composition of both trophic levels rather than by interaction rewiring (spatial turnover in local species interactions not due to species turnover). The underrepresented level of rewiring indicated spatial consistency in post-disturbance patterns of interactions among co-occurring species. Together, our findings suggest that wildfire alters the β-diversity of mutualistic species interactions via linked assembly of plant-bee communities and provide insights into how environmental change alters complex networks of species interactions.
Understanding the local drivers of beta-diversity patterns under climate change: The case of seaweed communities in Galicia, North West of the Iberian Peninsula
<p>Aim: To understand spatial-temporal changes (beta-diversity) in coastal communities and their drivers in the context of climate change. Coastal ecosystems are extremely exposed and dynamic, where changes in seaweed assemblages have been associated with changing water temperatures. However, at the local scale, the effects of changes in the upwelling events and related stressors seek further exploration.<br> <br> Location: Galicia rías, North West of the Iberian Peninsula<br> <br> Methods: Using data collected in 42 sampling localities in Galicia rias and over two time periods (1998 and 2014), we analyzed changes in the seaweed community's composition through time and space. We calculated the temporal beta diversity index and spatial beta diversity as the pairwise composition differences between sampling localities. We use generalized dissimilarity models, to identify local environmental drivers of spatial and temporal beta-diversity.<br> <br> Results: We found a significant change in seaweed communities of Galicia rias, between 1998 and 2014 (temporal beta-diversity). They were mostly related to species loss rather than to species replacement. The dissimilarity among localities (spatial beta diversity) was significantly higher in 2014 than 1998. Nitrate concentration was consistently predicted as the main driver of both temporal and spatial beta-diversity patterns.<br> <br> Main conclusions: Unlike other studies in marine ecosystems, our results suggest that observed changes in the structure of perennial seaweed assemblages in Galicia Rias might lead to a local biotic heterogenization, indirectly linked to climate change through changes in nutrients availability and the upwelling intensity. Changes in Galicia seaweed communities call scientific attention to the importance of local stressors in climate change studies.</p>
Abundance and beta-diversity of bumble bees, wildflowers, and their interactions in the Berchtesgadener Alps
<p>The structuring of biological communities along mountain slopes is complex, and elevational range shifts in response to climate change involve more than merely tracking suitable temperature envelopes. When species move, they do so in the context of biological communities, and the outcomes of these movements depend on how and to what extent biotic interactions are reordered. Bumble bees (Hymentopera: *Bombus* spp.) are cold-adapted species associated with mountain habitats, and they are already exhibiting upslope range shifts that are expected to result in habitat loss, novel competitive interactions, and the rewiring of pollination networks. Predicting and interpreting these shifts, however, requires an understanding of the current elevational patterns of bumble bees and their floral mutualists that are being acted upon by climate change. We recorded bumble- bee-flower interactions over three years along an 1400 m elevational gradient in the German Alps. Using nonlinear modeling, we analyze the elevational patterns at the nested levels of species abundance, species β-diversity, and interaction β-diversity. We demonstrate that the tree line ecotone is (1) a distributional interface between low/mid- and high-elevation bumble bee species, (2) a threshold above which floral resource availability sharply decreases, and (3) a zone of accelerated turnover of floral composition and bumble- bee-flower interactions. The implications of these findings extend beyond the particular case of bumble bees to demonstrate that linear elevational temperature gradients are ecologically punctuated, and the outcomes of climate-induced range shifts will depend on dynamics at the tree line ecotone.</p>
Global beta-diversity of angiosperm trees is shaped by Quaternary climate change
<p>This release contains the code and data used in the paper: Wu-Bing Xu et al., Global beta-diversity of angiosperm trees is shaped by Quaternary climate change. <em>Sci. Adv. </em><strong>9</strong>, eadd8553 (2023). DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add8553">10.1126/sciadv.add8553</a></p>
Data from: Biotic pressures and environmental heterogeneity shape beta-diversity of seedling communities in tropical montane forests
<p>Many theories have been proposed to explain the high diversity of plants in the tropics. However, we lack an understanding of the processes that drive plant diversity and community assembly at different spatial scales. Here, we applied beta-diversity partitioning to test how biotic and abiotic factors are associated with seedling beta-diversity in a tropical montane forest in Southern Ecuador. We recorded seedling communities on 81 subplots at nine plots located at three elevations along a 2000-m elevational gradient. We measured biotic pressures (i.e. herbivory and fungal pathogen attacks) and environmental conditions (i.e. soil moisture and canopy closure) at all subplots and related them to species turnover and richness differences in seedling communities within and between elevations. We found that species turnover increased with differences in biotic dissimilarity within elevations, while differences in species richness within elevations increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Between elevations, species turnover increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Our findings show that species turnover and changes in species richness are related differently to abiotic and biotic factors, and that the importance of these factors for shaping seedling diversity is scale-dependent. Our study contributes to better understand the processes driving seedling beta-diversity and the assembly of plant communities in highly diverse tropical montane forests.</p>
Data from: Biotic pressures and environmental heterogeneity shape beta-diversity of seedling communities in tropical montane forests
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Data from: multidimensional beta-diversity across local and regional scales in a Chinese subtropical forest: the role of forest structure
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Data from: Flooding and soil composition determine beta-diversity of lowland forests in Northern South America
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Decoupled responses of above- and below-ground beta-diversity to nitrogen enrichment in a typical steppe
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Data from: Latitudinal beta-diversity gradient of riverine macroinvertebrate: Interplays of climatic and land use factors
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Understanding the local drivers of beta-diversity patterns under climate change: The case of seaweed communities in Galicia, North West of the Iberian Peninsula
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Wildfire severity alters drivers of interaction beta-diversity in plant-bee networks
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Data from: Exploring patterns of beta-diversity to test the consistency of biogeographical boundaries: a case study across forest plant communities of Italy
Aim. To date, despite their great potential biogeographical regionalization models have been mostly developed on descriptive and empirical bases. This paper aims at applying the beta-diversity framework on a statistically representative data set to analytically test the consistency of the biogeographical regionalization of Italian forests. Location. Italy Taxon. Vascular plants Methods. Forest plant communities were surveyed in 804 plots made in a statistically representative sample of forest communities, made by 201 sites of Italian forests across the three biogeographical regions of the country: Alpine, Continental, and Mediterranean. We conducted an ordination analysis and an analysis of beta diversity, decomposing it into its turnover and nestedness components. Results. Our results provide only partial support to the consistency of the biogeographical regionalization of Italy. While the differences in forest plant communities support the distinction between the Alpine and the other two regions, differences between Continental and Mediterranean regions had lower statistical support. Pairwise beta-diversity and its turnover component are higher between- than within biogeographical regions. This suggests that different regional species pools contribute to assembly of local communities and that spatial distance between-regions has a stronger effect than that within-regions. Main conclusions. Our findings confirm a biogeographical structure of the species pools that is captured by the biogeographical regionalization. However, non-significant differences between the Mediterranean and Continental biogeographical regions suggest that this biogeographical regionalization is not consistent for forest plant communities. Our results demonstrate that an analytical evaluation of species composition differences among regions using beta-diversity analysis is a promising approach for testing the consistency of biogeographical regionalization models. This approach is recommended to provide support to the biogeographic regionalization used in some environmental conservation polices adopted by EU.
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