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40 results for “bioenergy crop”
Simulated bioenergy crop yield on agricultural land in a 10-county region of western North Carolina.
We used a mechanistic plant growth model, ALMANAC (Kiniry 1996), to simulate the growth of bioenergy crops including switchgrass, miscanthus, and hybrid poplar. We selected simulation points by overlaying SSURGO soil data polygons with a 1-km resolution observed climate dataset (Thornton et al. 2012). The centroid of each unique soil polygon and climate cell combination was used as a simulation point, resulting in over 69,000 simulation points. Crop growth was simulated at each point for 10 (grasses) or 12 (poplar) years and replicated 10 times. We limited our simulation to area currently identified as agriculture, pasture, grass- or shrubland in the 2012 National Cropdata Layer.
Data from: Carbon debt of field-scale Conservation Reserve Program grasslands converted to annual and perennial bioenergy crops
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Converting conventional agriculture to poplar bioenergy crops: soil chemistry
<p>Woody bioenergy is a viable source of alternative energy; however, questions remain on how purpose-grown bioenergy feedstock production management impact surface soil chemistry. In order to understand the soil processes under poplar (<i>Populus spp.</i>) trees and adjacent agricultural sites, surface (0-15 cm) soil samples were collected from four northwestern United States locations over a four-year period. Initial and final surface soil samples were analyzed for various soil chemical parameters, including organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient concentrations. Fields selected to compare poplar and agricultural management initially differed in some key soil chemical parameters. Many soil chemical parameters changed over time and the magnitude of change often depended on location; however, initial differences between management types within any one location did not change over time for most soil chemical variables. Consistent in-location differences between management types over time show poplar did not alter soil chemical parameters relative to agricultural management during the study period. Together all observations indicate that little of the overall soil chemistry was impacted by introduction of poplar in the traditionally agricultural fields.</p>
Data from: Nitrous oxide emissions during establishment of eight alternative cellulosic bioenergy cropping systems in the North Central United States
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils are a key sustainability metric of cropping systems. During crop establishment, disruptive land-use change is known to be a critical, but under reported period, for determining GHG emissions. We measured soil N2O emissions and potential environmental drivers of these fluxes from a three-year establishment-phase bioenergy cropping systems experiment replicated in southcentral Wisconsin (ARL) and southwestern Michigan (KBS). Cropping systems treatments were annual monocultures (continuous corn, corn–soybean–canola rotation), perennial monocultures (switchgrass, miscanthus, and poplar), and perennial polycultures (native grass mixture, early successional community, and restored prairie) all grown using best management practices specific to the system. Cumulative three-year N2O emissions from annuals were 142% higher than from perennials, with fertilized perennials 190% higher than unfertilized perennials. Emissions ranged from 3.1 to 19.1 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 for the annuals with continuous corn > corn–soybean–canola rotation and 1.1 to 6.3 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 for perennials. Nitrous oxide peak fluxes typically were associated with precipitation events that closely followed fertilization. Bayesian modeling of N2O fluxes based on measured environmental factors explained 33% of variability across all systems. Models trained on single systems performed well in most monocultures (e.g., R2 = 0.52 for poplar) but notably worse in polycultures (e.g., R2 = 0.17 for early successional, R2 = 0.06 for restored prairie), indicating that simulation models that include N2O emissions should be parameterized specific to particular plant communities. Our results indicate that perennial bioenergy crops in their establishment phase emit less N2O than annual crops, especially when not fertilized. These findings should be considered further alongside yield and other metrics contributing to important ecosystem services.
Bioenergy cropping systems shape ant community composition and functional roles
<p>R code and partial data for Haan, Helms, & Landis 2023, Bioenergy cropping systems shape ant community composition and functional roles, to be published in Frontiers in Conservation Science. The ant species list we use to generate the species matrix was uploaded previously (10.5281/zenodo.8215581) in association with another manuscript (Haan et al. 2023, Science Advances, Contrasting effects of bioenergy crops on biodiversity). Therefore here we include a small table with trait information for each species along with the R code used specifically for this manuscript.</p>
Data from: Soil phosphorus drawdown by perennial bioenergy cropping systems in the Midwestern US
<p>Without fertilization, harvest of perennial bioenergy cropping systems diminishes soil nutrient stocks, yet the time course of nutrient drawdown has not often been investigated. We analyzed phosphorus (P) inputs (fertilization and atmospheric deposition) and outputs (harvest and leaching losses) over seven years in three representative biomass crops—switchgrass (<em>Panicum</em> <em>virgatum</em> L.), miscanthus (<em>Miscanthus</em> X <em>giganteus</em>) and hybrid poplar trees (<em>Populus</em> <em>nigra</em> X <em>P</em>. <em>maximowiczii</em>) – as well as in no-till corn (maize; <em>Zea</em> <em>mays</em> L.) for comparison, all planted on former cropland in SW Michigan, USA. Only corn received P fertilizer. Corn (grain and stover), switchgrass, and miscanthus were harvested annually, while poplar was harvested after six years. Soil test P (STP; Bray-1 method) was measured in the upper 25 cm of soil annually. Harvest P removal was calculated from tissue P concentration and harvest yield (or annual woody biomass accrual in poplar). Leaching was estimated as total dissolved P concentration in soil solutions sampled beneath the rooting depth (1.25 m), combined with hydrological modeling. Fertilization and harvest were by far the dominant P budget terms for corn, and harvest P removal dominated the P budgets in switchgrass, miscanthus, and poplar, while atmospheric deposition and leaching losses were comparatively insignificant. Because of significant P removal by harvest, the P balances of switchgrass, miscanthus, and poplar were negative and corresponded with decreasing STP, whereas P fertilization compensated for the harvest P removal in corn, resulting in a positive P balance. Results indicate that perennial crop harvest without P fertilization removed legacy P from soils, and continued harvest will soon draw P down to limiting levels, even in soils once heavily P-fertilized. Widespread cultivation of bioenergy crops may therefore alter P balances in agricultural landscapes, eventually requiring P fertilization, which could be supplied by P recovery from harvested biomass.</p>
Climate mitigation potential and soil microbial response of cyanobacteria-fertilized bioenergy crops in a cool semi-arid cropland
<p>Bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) systems can serve as decarbonization pathways for climate mitigation. Perennial grasses are a promising second-generation lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock, but optimizing their sustainability, productivity, and climate mitigation potential requires an evaluation of how nitrogen (N) fertilizer strategies interact with greenhouse gas (GHG) and soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Further, crop and fertilizer choice can affect the soil microbiome which is critical to soil organic matter turnover, nutrient cycling, and sustaining crop productivity but these feedbacks are poorly understood due to the paucity of data from agroecosystems. Here, we examine the climate mitigation potential and soil microbiome response to establishing two functionally different perennial grasses, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum, C4), and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum, C3), in a cool semi-arid agroecosystem under two fertilizer applications, a novel cyanobacterial biofertilizer (CBF) and urea. Finally, we examine shifts in soil microbial composition resulting from crop establishment and fertilizer regime. We find that in contrast to the C4 crop, the C3 crop achieved 98% greater productivity and had a higher N use efficiency when fertilized and the CBF produced the same biomass enhancement as urea. Non-CO2 greenhouse gas fluxes across all treatments were low and we observed a three-year net loss of SOC under the C4 crop and a net increase under the C3 crop at a 0-30 cm soil depth regardless of fertilization. Further, we detected crop-specific changes in the soil microbiome, including an increased relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under the C3, and potentially pathogenic fungi in the C4 grass. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of CBF-fertilized C3 crops as a second-generation bioenergy feedstock in semiarid regions as a part of a climate mitigation strategy.</p>
Data from: Comparative productivity of six bioenergy cropping systems on marginal lands in the Great Lakes Region, United States
<p>Growing lignocellulosic crops on marginal lands is a promising solution for sustainable biofuel production. We evaluated the productivity of bioenergy cropping systems (switchgrass [<em>Panicum</em> <em>virgatum</em> L., var. Cave‐In‐Rock], miscanthus [<em>Miscanthus</em> × <em>giganteus</em>, 'Illinois clone'], hybrid poplar [<em>Populus</em> <em>nigra</em> × <em>P. maximowiczii</em> A. Henry 'NM6'], native grasses [five species], early successional vegetation, and restored prairie vs. historical vegetation [as reference control]) with and without nitrogen fertilization on low‐fertility former cropland at five sites in the Great Lakes Region, United States. We reported biomass yields for the first 7 years after establishment. Switchgrass was most consistently productive across all sites, but miscanthus was more productive at three of the five sites. When averaged across sites, years, and nitrogen (N) treatments, biomass yields followed the order miscanthus > switchgrass > hybrid poplar ≈ native grasses > restored prairie > early successional vegetation ≈ historical vegetation, but varied substantially by crop and site, with a significant crop by site interaction. Yields of miscanthus and switchgrass peaked after four to five growing seasons and declined thereafter, while yields of both native grasses and restored prairie increased throughout 6 years with no sign of follow‐on decline, suggesting that polycultures may outperform monocultures over the long term. Yields of early successional vegetation—similar in composition to historical vegetation at each site—did not improve with time. Nitrogen fertilization increased the yields of all cropping systems at all sites. Our results demonstrate the viability of low‐productivity former cropland for long‐term bioenergy production and suggest there is no single crop best suited for all low-fertility soils.</p>
Expanding the Miscanthus market in the UK: Growers in profile and experience, benefits and drawbacks of the bioenergy crop
<p>To achieve net zero greenhouse gas emission by 2050 as set out by the 2019 amendment to the 2008 UK Climate Change Act, a major shift towards renewable energy is needed. This includes the development of new methods along with improving and upscaling existing technologies. One example of new methods in bioenergy is developing new <em>Miscanthus</em> cultivars for electricity generation via thermal power station furnaces. <em>Miscanthus</em> is still relatively new compared to other agriculture practices, so market assessments and improvements are needed to reduce the barriers of entry for prospective growers. This publication provides a profile of UK <em>Miscanthus</em> growers and their businesses, their experiences of benefits and drawbacks of the crop, and what they see as potential barriers to entry for prospective farmers. A survey of current <em>Miscanthus</em> growers in England and Wales was conducted and indicated that most farmers were content with the crop and that its environmental and economic benefits were noted. However, it was evident that with a geographically limited UK market, growers wanted to see a better distribution of biomass processing stations to reduce the ongoing costs of transport. With growing demand for renewables, including bio-energy sources, it was determined important to provide information and support for stable farming operations and to incentivise the adoption of <em>Miscanthus</em>. Such incentives include ongoing development of new cultivars, focussing on traits such as production potential and stressor resilience, and growers indicated preference for an annual planting grant. These developments are predicted to further improve the crop's profit margin, making it a more cost-effective crop for farmers. Sensitively managed <em>Miscanthus</em> also has the potential to contribute to carbon sequestration, soil health and aspects of farmland biodiversity. Incentivising such management in government land-based environmental schemes would offer additional income streams and help to promote environmental positive crop planting.</p>
Pest suppression potential varies across ten bioenergy cropping systems
<p>Dataset and metadata for Haan, N.L., & Landis, D.A. 2023. Pest suppression potential varies across ten bioenergy cropping systems. <em>Global Change Biology - Bioenergy</em>. </p>
Data from: Identification of anti-fungal bioactive terpenoids from the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
<p>Plant derived bioactive small molecules have attracted attention of scientists across fundamental and applied scientific disciplines. We seek to understand the influence of these phytochemicals on functional phytobiomes. Increased knowledge of specialized metabolite bioactivities could inform strategies for sustainable crop production. We hypothesized that – consistent with accumulating evidence that switchgrass genotype impacts microbiome assembly – differential terpenoid accumulation contributes to switchgrass ecotype-specific microbiome composition. An initial in vitro plate-based disc diffusion screen of 18 switchgrass root derived fungal isolates revealed differential responses to upland- and lowland-isolated metabolites. To identify specific fungal growth-modulating metabolites, we tested fractions from root extracts on three ecologically important fungal isolates – <em>Linnemania elongata</em>, <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. and <em>Fusarium</em> sp. Saponins and diterpenoids were identified as the most prominent antifungal metabolites. Finally, analysis of liquid chromatography-purified terpenoids revealed fungal inhibition structure – activity relationships (SAR). Saponin antifungal activity was primarily determined by the number of sugar moieties – saponins glycosylated at a single core position were inhibitory whereas saponins glycosylated at two core positions were inactive. Saponin core hydroxylation and acetylation were also associated with reduced activity. Diterpenoid activity required the presence of an intact furan ring for strong fungal growth inhibition.</p>
Data from: Comparative productivity of six bioenergy cropping systems on marginal lands in the Great Lakes Region, United States
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Long-term evapotranspiration rates for rainfed corn vs. perennial bioenergy crops in a mesic landscape
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Expanding the Miscanthus market in the UK: Growers in profile and experience, benefits and drawbacks of the bioenergy crop
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Climate mitigation potential and soil microbial response of cyanobacteria-fertilized bioenergy crops in a cool semi-arid cropland
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Data from: Soil phosphorus drawdown by perennial bioenergy cropping systems in the Midwestern US
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Data from: Converting conventional agriculture to poplar bioenergy crops: soil chemistry
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Data from: Nitrous oxide emissions during establishment of eight alternative cellulosic bioenergy cropping systems in the North Central United States
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Historical land management alters new soil carbon inputs by annual and perennial bioenergy crops
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Data from: Identification of anti-fungal bioactive terpenoids from the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
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