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Fig. 4 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 4. Paleoreconstruction map of Pangaea in the Triassic with Gondwanan occurrences of Palacrodon marked with circles and Laurasia occurrences of Palacrodon marked with a star (note the two Arizona occurrences overlap in this scale). Paleogeography modified from www.pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/ historical.html.

Fig. 3 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John's, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4).

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2).

Fig. 1 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic context of Palacrodon occurrences in Arizona. A. Map of Arizona showing the locations of PFV 396 and MNA 207-2. Map of North America modified from www.lakodosajta.info. B. Stratigraphic chart of the Chinle Formation at PEFO and the Placerias Quarry, with detrital zircon dates from Ramezani et al. (2011).

FIG. 21 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 21. — Comparison between Eocene (Licht et al. 2014, 2015) and Miocene (this study) forest assemblage and diversity of Myanmar with the list of related fossil genera and supposed forest types they belong to. Underlined names are genera found in both formations. Yellow stars mark the schematic position of sampling sites.

FIG. 16 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 16. — Shoreoxylon cf. sumatraense Du, MNHN.F.50193: A, Ts, vessel often in groups, sometimes in clusters (arrows); B, Ts, long tangential lines of secretory canals (arrows) close to each other; C, D, Tls, 1-4-seriate rays; E, Tls, 3-seriate rays with a uniseriate row of six marginal cells (white arrow), abundant parenchyma (black arrow), 4-8 cells per strand; F, Rls, vessel-ray pits irregular in shape, simple with reduced borders (arrows); G, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed), visible bands of parenchyma as grey lines and recognized secretory canals as red dots, arranged mostly in long and closely spaced tangential lines; H, Rls, vasicentric tracheids (arrows); I, Rls, heterocellular ray with square or upright marginal cells (arrows). Scale bars: G, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; C, 500 µm; B, 330 µm; D, I, 200 µm; E, H, 100 µm; F, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 13 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 13. — Dryobalanoxylon cf. javanense (Kräusel) Den Berger, MNHN.F.50190: A, Ts, Vessels seemingly exclusively solitary and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (between arrows); B, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots, arranged mostly in long tangential lines; C, Ts, tyloses in vessels (arrow); D, Tls 1-6 seriate rays with some sheath cells (white arrows), vasicentric tracheids (black arrows) and fibre-tracheids (grey arrow); E, Ts, detail of secretory canals embedded in tangential bands of parenchyma; F, Rls, simple vessel-ray pits with reduced borders in irregular shapes; G, Rls, silica bodies (?) in ray cells; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with mostly 1-4 rows of square or upright marginal cells. Scale bars: B, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; C-E, H, 200 µm; F-G, 50 µm.

FIG. 12 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 12. — Dipterocarpoxylon cf. jammuense Guleria, Gupta & Srivastava, MNHN.F.50189: A, Ts, seemingly exclusively solitary vessels, vasicentric parenchyma, small pores interpreted as solitary secretory canals or in short lines (arrows); B, D, Ts, short lines of secretory canals (arrows); C, Tls, 1-6-seriate rays, with rows of uniseriate marginal cells up to 19 cells, frequent uniseriate rays and sheath cells present (arrow); E, Ts, vessel puggled with tyloses, surrounded par vasicentric parenchyma (black arrow), secretory canals solitary or in short lines, surrounded by parenchyma (white arrow); F, Rls, heterocellular rays with square or upright cells (black arrow) and procumbent cells (white arrow) mixed throughout the rays because of the presence of sheath cells, uniseriate rays and long row of marginal cells; G, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (arrow). Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C-F, 200 µm; G, 100 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 11 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 11. — Anisopteroxylon sp., MNHN.F.50188: A, Ts, strongly compressed wood, poorly distinguishable vessels, seemingly exclusively solitary, small pores that could be solitary secretory canals (arrows); B, Tls, simple perforation plates, vasicentric tracheids (arrows); C, D, Tls, 1-7-seriate rays with continuous sheath cells all around multiseriate rays (arrow); E, Rls, heterocellular rays with procumbent cells in median portion (white arrow) and square or upright marginal cells (black arrow), sometimes appearing with both types mixed due to sheath cells; F, Rls, silica bodies (?) in ray cells. Scale bars: A, C, 500 µm; B, D-E, 200 µm; F, 100 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 14 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 14. — Dryobalanoxylon sp., MNHN.F.50191: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and vasicentric to slightly aliform parenchyma, short line of secretory canals embedded in long tangential bands of parenchyma; B, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed), visible bands of parenchyma as grey lines and recognized secretory canals as red dots; C, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (arrows); D, Tls, simple perforation plates (arrows), 2-4 seriate homocellular to weakly heterocellular rays with a storied tendency at some places (segments); E, Tls, detail of a 4-seriate ray; F, Rls, heterocellular ray with one row of square marginal cells (arrow); G, Ts, solitary vessels with tyloses and surrounded by vasicentric to slightly aliform parenchyma. Scale bars: B, 1 cm; A, 500 µm; D, 250µm; F-G, 200 µm; C, E, 100 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 8 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 8. — Pahudioxylon bankurensis Chowdhury, Ghosh & Kazmi, MNHN.F.50183: A, Ts, solitary vessels or in radial multiples of 2-4, aliform parenchyma with marginal crystals (black arrow) and marginal parenchyma (white arrow); B, Ts, detail of aliform parenchyma with crystals in marginal cells; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits, probably vestured (arrow); D, Tls, rays with storied tendency (arrows); E, Tls, 2-3 seriate, not storied rays with crystalliferous parenchyma (black arrow), strand of parenchyma made of 4 cells (white arrow); F, Rls, homocellular ray; G, Rls, sometimes but rarely crystals in marginal ray cells (arrow). Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, 200 µm; F-G, 150 µm; C, 20 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 9 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 9. — Pahudioxylon cf. bankurensis Chowdhury, Ghosh & Kazmi, MNHN.F.50184: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels, aliform parenchyma with crystals in marginal cells (black arrow), marginal parenchyma (bottom) and diffuse parenchyma (white arrow); B, Ts, detail of diffuse parenchyma (white arrow), often in contact with rays; C, Tls, storied rays in some parts of the section; D, Tls, 1-3-seriate homocellular rays in a non-storied part of the section; E, Rls, crystals in parenchyma strands, the strand on the left being diffuse parenchyma; F, Rls, homocellular ray; G, Tls, alternate intervessel pits, apparently vestured. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; C, 500 µm; B, D-E, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; G, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 10 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 6 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 6. — Koompassioxylon elegans Kramer, MNHN.F.50180 (A-E, G), MNHN.F.50181 (F): A, Ts, vessel size and groups, aliform parenchyma with pointed wings and marginal parenchyma sometimes merged with small vessels (arrow); B, Ts, detail of winged-aliform parenchyma; C, Tls, non-vestured,alternate and polygonal intervessel pits; D, Tls, 2-3-seriate rays with crystalliferous parenchyma (arrow); E, Tls, detail of the chambered crystalliferous parenchyma (arrow); F: storied ray tendency, mostly 2-3-seriate rays; G, Rls, heterocellular rays with crystals in upright (sometimes subdivided) marginal cells (arrow). Scale bars: A, 1 mm; F, 500 µm; B, D-E, G, 200 µm; C, 20 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 5 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 5. — Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium Prakash, MNHN.F.50176 (A-C, E), MNHN.F.50177 (D, F), MNHN.F.50178 (G): A, Ts, vessels, parenchyma alternately banded, aliform and vasicentric, growth limits between arrows; B, Tls, 1-3 seriate rays, non-septate fibres; C, Rls, heterocellular rays with 1-2 rows of marginal cells (arrows); D, Tls, mostly 2-seriate rays with parenchyma sometimes crystalliferous (arrow); E, Tls, alternate intervessel pits; F, Ts, banded and aliform parenchyma; G: Ts, banded and aliform parenchyma. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; F-G, 500 µm; B, D, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; E, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 3 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 3. — Albizinium eolebbekianum Prakash, MNHN.F.50172: A, Ts, vessels and parenchyma arrangement, marginal parenchyma band (arrow); B, Ts, lozengealiform parenchyma, sometimes confluent, fibres radialy aligned; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits, simple perforation plates; D, Tls, 1-3-seriate rays, septa (black arrows) and crystalliferous parenchyma (white arrow); E, Tls, detail of a septate fibre; F, Rls, homocellular ray. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 500 µm; D, 200 µm; C, F, 100 µm; E, 25 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 4 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 4. — Cynometroxylon holdeniae (Gupta) Prakash & Bande, MNHN.F.50174 (A, D-G), MNHN.F.50173 (B, C): A, Ts, banded parenchyma and vessel arrangement; B, Ts, detail of the wounded part of the wood with irregular pattern of parenchyma, vessels are absent; C, Ts, wounded part (white segment) in between the normal wood; D, Ts, detail of banded parenchyma 2-11 cells wide bands; E, Tls, heterocellular and mostly 2-seriate rays; F, Tls, minute alternate intervessel pits; G, Rls, heterocellular rays with 1-2 rows of marginal ray cells. Scale bars: A, C, 1 mm; B, D, E, G 200 µm, F, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 17 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 19 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 19. — Burseroxylon sp., MNHN.F.50196 (C), MNHN.F.50197 (A, B, D-E, G, H), MNHN.F.50198 (F, I, J): A, D, Ts, vessels with tyloses (white arrow) and thin sheath of vasicentric parenchyma (black arrow); B, Tls, (1)-4-seriate rays, septate fibres (arrow); C, Rls, heterocellular rays with upright marginal cells; E, Rls, simple vessel-ray pits, oval in shape; F, Rls, heterocellular rays with upright marginal cells, some of them are enlarged and contain a single crystal (arrow); G, Rls, crystals in upright marginal cells (white arrow), maybe also in procumbent cells sometimes (black arrow); H, I, Ts, traumatic canals (arrows); J, Tls, tangential view of undifferentiated tissue surrounding a traumatic canal. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B-D, F-H, J, 200 µm; E, 50 µm; I, 500 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 1. — A in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 1. — A, Simplified map of Myanmar showing the location of the field sites. Location of the fossil site is indicated with a green star (*). Abbreviations: Cb, Chindwin Basin; Mb, Minbu Basin; WPA, Wuntho-Popa Arc (volcanic arc of central Myanmar); B, stratigraphy of the Chindwin Basin, after Westerweel et al. (2020). The Natma Formation is indicated with a green star (*).