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230 results for “biogeographic patterns”
Biogeographical patterns of freshwater fauna
<p><strong>Aim </strong>Temperature is regarded as an important driver of broad-scale biodiversity patterns. However, less is known of the role of dispersal in shaping broad-scale species and trait distributions, particularly given that species had to disperse out of glacial refugia after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Here, we used a unique dataset describing the distributions of freshwater fauna combined with trait information, to evaluate biodiversity relationships to distance to glacial refugia and temperature.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong> 25 biogeographical regions across Europe</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong> 2,816 freshwater invertebrate species and 230 freshwater fish species</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong> using the occurrence of invertebrate and fish species on the biogeographical regions, and publicly available trait information, we analyzed patterns in diversity indices (i.e., species richness, trait richness, and trait redundancy), trait distribution, and species and trait β-diversity, and their relationship to distance to known glacial refugia and regional temperature.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong> We show that distributions of European invertebrate and fish species and traits are primarily explained by distance to refugia and its covarying effect with temperature (i.e., refugia tend to be warmer). Specifically, species and trait richness were higher in regions proximate to refugia and lower in distant regions. Additionally, communities in colder and distant regions exhibited reduced niche dimensions and slower life histories, suggesting increased vulnerability to environmental change.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong> Species more distant from their refugia were characterized by higher dispersal capacities. Accordingly, since the LGM, only a subset of species was able to colonize distant regions, while many species have spatial ranges constrained by their dispersal capacity, increasing their potential for extinction under ongoing climate change. Therefore, additional conservation measures considering species' dispersal capacities are required.</p>
Fig. 1. A in The herpetofauna of the Kei Islands (Maluku, Indonesia): Comprehensive report on new and historical collections, biogeographic patterns, conservation concerns, and an annotated checklist of species from Kei Kecil, Kei Besar, Tam, and Kur
Fig. 1. A, Overview map of Indonesia showing Wallace's, Weber's and Lydekker's Lines and inset rectangle showing location of Kei Islands; B, Topographic map and ocean bathymetry of the Kei Islands, generated from GEBCO bathymetric data (http://www.gebco. net/) and island coasts from DIVA-GIS administrative areas (http://www.diva-gis.org/). The 120 m depth contour is displayed to show regions that were likely connected during Pleistocene glacial cycles causing sea level drops up to 120 m in this region. Major islands and localities discussed in the text are labeled.
FIG. 22. Central Blackwater Amazon. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 22. Central Blackwater Amazon. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Biotoecus spp. (data fom Kullander, 1989). C. Dicrossus spp. (data fom Kullander, 2011). D. Hemigrammus analis (blue dots; records from MZUSP), Hemigrammus coeruleus (red dots; records from MZUSP), Hemigrammus stictus (yellow dots; records from MZUSP).
FIG. 11 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 11. Amazonas-Guiana-Orinoco Lowland. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Crenuchus spp. (data from MZUSP). C. Mesonauta spp. (records from Kullander and Silfvergrip, 1991; Schindler, 2003). D. Hemigrammus ocellifer (red dots; records from MZUSP), Hemigrammus unilineatus (yellow dots; data from MZUSP).
FIG. 4 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 4. Amazonian endemic species. Species richness (green) and endemic species (orange) for each of the main Amazonian tributaries or parts thereof. Pie chart indicates the proportion of species occurring exclusively in the Amazon and those also present in other basins. Minor endemic regions not included in graph are: Anapu (2 spp.), Coari-Urucu (1 sp.), Curuá-Paru do Oeste (2 spp.), Paru (2 spp.) and Javari (1 sp.).
FIG. 12 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 12. Distribution of some typical marine lineages which invaded Amazonian waters. A. Achiridae. B. Belonidae. C. Engraulidae. D. Pristigasteridae. E. Tetraodontidae. Data from MZUSP. Map intended to represent general patterns of distribution into Amazonian and adjacent waters, not including marine records and from other basins.
FIG. 8. Amazon and Paraguay Lowlands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 8. Amazon and Paraguay Lowlands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Epapterus dispilurus (data from Vari and Ferraris, 1998). C. Hemigrammus lunatus (data from Ota et al., 2014). D. Mesonauta festivus (data from Kullander and Silvergrip, 1991, and Schindler, 2005).
FIG. 5. Broadly distributed lineages. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 5. Broadly distributed lineages. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Hoplias malabaricus (red dots; records from MZUSP), Erythrinus erythrinus (green diamonds; records from MZUSP), Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (yellow triangles; records from MZUSP). C. Synbranchus marmoratus, records from MZUSP. D. Callichthys callichthys (data from Lehmann and Reis (2004) with additional records from MZUSP).
FIG. 16. Amazonian uplands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 16. Amazonian uplands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Sartor spp. (records from MZUSP). C. Teleocichla spp. (records from MZUSP). D. Tocantinsia piresi (records from MZUSP).
FIG. 1 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 1. Number of fish species in the Amazon basin and comparisons with other basins and continents. Left graph: species numbers in the Amazon and other large world basins. Bottom graph and map: species numbers in the Amazon basin compared to those in other continents. An asterisk indicates estimated numbers. For sources of data, see Material and Methods.
FIG. 10 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 10. Amazonas-Paraguay-Orinoco Lowland. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Rhaphiodon vulpinus (data from Toledo-Piza, 2000a, with additional records from MZUSP). C. Sorubim lima (data from Littmann, 2007). D. Hypophthalmus oremaculatus (data from Littmann et al., 2015).
FIG. 3 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 3. Proportion of species occurring in the Amazon versus not occurring in the Amazon, by higher taxon. A. (above) By family. In green, percentage of species in the family occurring in the Amazon; in pink, percentage of species not occurring in the Amazon. B. (opposite page) Per genera (only 50 most species-rich genera shown). In green, percentage of species occurring in the Amazon; in blue, percentage of species not occurring in the Amazon. Fractions in parentheses represent actual numbers of species occurring (numerator) and not occurring (denominator) in the Amazon. Number of species in each family and genus follows Fricke et al. (2019).
FIG. 15. Amazon-core uplands. A in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 15. Amazon-core uplands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. (B) Cetopsidium spp. (data from Vari et al., 2005, with additional records from MZUSP and LIRP). C. Hemigrammus ora (data from Jerep et al., 2011, with additional records from MZUSP). D. Hoplias aimara (data from Mattox et al., 2006).
FIG. 2 in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 2. Richest lineages of Amazonian fishes in number of species: A, All orders; B, families; C, genera.
FIG. 19. Brazilian Shield. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 19. Brazilian Shield. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Caiapobrycon spp. (records from MZUSP). C. Jupiaba apenima (records from MZUSP). D. Moenkhausia gr. pankilopteryx/pirauba (records from MZUSP).
FIG. 9. Amazon-only Lowland. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 9. Amazon-only Lowland. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Adontosternarchus balaenops (data from Mago-Leccia et al., 1985). C. Cetopsis candiru (data from Vari et al., 2005). D. Curimatella meyeri (data from Vari, 1992a).
FIG. 21. Cis-Andean foothills. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 21. Cis-Andean foothills. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Astyanacinus spp. (data from Dagosta, 2011). C. Leporinus striatus (data from Birindelli and Britski, 2013). D. Steindachnerina dobula (data from Vari, 1991).
FIG. 7. Amazon and Orinoco Lowlands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 7. Amazon and Orinoco Lowlands. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Moenkhausia lepidura (data from Marinho and Langeani, 2016). C. Potamorhina altamazonica (data from Vari, 1984). D. Vandellia cirrhosa (M.P., unpublished data).
FIG. 13. Guiana Mangrove Province. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 13. Guiana Mangrove Province. A. Yellow area delimits the distribution pattern. B. Curimata cyprinoides (data from Vari, 1989a). C. Cyphocharax helleri (data from Vari, 1992b) with additional records from MZUSP). D. Polycentrus schomburgkii (see data from Coutinho and Wosiacki, 2014).
FIG. 18. Longitudinal correspondence among Amazonian Shield versants. A in The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species
FIG. 18. Longitudinal correspondence among Amazonian Shield versants. A. Red area delimits the distribution pattern of western basins (Trombetas and Tapajós); yellow area the western basins pattern (Jari, Xingu, and Tocantins). B. Sartor gr. elongatus (records from MZUSP). C. Bryconexodon spp. (records from MZUSP). D. Bivibranchia velox (records from MZUSP).
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