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42 results for “biogeographical regionalisation”
Data from: A biogeographical regionalisation of Australian Acacia species
Aim: To develop a biogeographical regionalization of Australian Acacia species and to investigate their environmental correlates. Location: Australia. Methods: We used a previously published framework for delineating biogeographical regions. We calculated species turnover patterns of 1020 Australian Acacia species with distributions estimated from 171,758 georeferenced herbarium records aggregated to 100 km × 100 km cells (868 across Australia). An agglomerative cluster analysis using a matrix of pairwise Simpson's beta (βsim) dissimilarity values was applied. Eleven environmental variables at the same resolution as the aggregated herbarium records were used to explore the correlates of the βsim patterns using a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis. We also used an ANOVA to test the significance of the environmental changes between each pair of biogeographical regions. Results: Five major Acacia biogeographical regions were proposed. These bioregions were broadly similar to the biomes of Australia. A new subdivision of the Eremaean biome was proposed for Acacia. The most influential environmental variables for the individual bioregions were: (1) temperature seasonality and topographic flatness for the south-western temperate bioregion; (2) precipitation during the coldest quarter of the year for the south-eastern temperate bioregion; (3) annual precipitation, annual mean temperature and precipitation seasonality for the monsoonal bioregion; and (4) percentage of sand in the top 30 cm of the soil, rock grain size, annual mean radiation and annual mean temperature for the Eremaean south and north regions. The NMDS analysis provided support for the observed biogeographical patterns. The statistical test showed a highly significant difference between the environments of the proposed bioregions. Climatic variables were consistent predictors across regions, whereas the influence of soils and topographic features varied among bioregions. Main conclusions: The major Acacia biogeographical regions correspond well to historical bioregionalizations, suggesting that the environmental drivers of diversification in Acacia are broadly similar to those that act on the flora as a whole. Climate seasonality combined with annual values and non-climatic factors provide support for the proposed biogeographical regionalization for Acacia.
Fig. 6 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 6. Verteilung der wichtigsten physiologischen Pflanzengruppen in den Vegetationsgebieten der Erde [Division of the important physiological plant groups in the vegetation of the earth] (Engler 1882, p. 387).
Fig. 9 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 9. Takhtajan's floristic kingdoms and regions of the earth (Takhtajan 1978, separate map). Red solid and dashed lines indicate the boundaries of kingdoms; green solid and dashed lines indicate the boundaries of the regions.
Fig. 3 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 3. Zoogeographic regions recognised by Wallace (1876a, 1876b) in The Geographical Distribution of Animals.
Fig. 13 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 13. Map of the terrestrial zoogeographic realms and regions of the world (Holt et al. 2013a, fig. 1).
Fig. 2 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 2. Tabula mundi geographico zoologica sistens quadrupedes hucusque notos sedibus suis adscriptos, second edition (Zimmermann 1783). The revised map in the 1783 German edition contains the newly discovered Sandwich Islands (Hawai'i) and the Seychelles, which were absent in the original 1777 edition (Ebach 2015, p. 31; source: National Library of Australia).
Fig. 5 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 5. Outline map of the world, showing the six regions of the geographical distribution of mammals (Sclater and Sclater 1899, map opposite p. 16).
Fig. 1 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 1. Representation of the distribution of mammals according to their zones and provinces by Wagner (1844). The southern boundary of the northern polar province is indicated by a line of a different colour, drawn somewhat further south than the equatorial border of the Arctic fox ([Vulpes] lagopus), although not so far in some places as the reindeer may descend there on their summer migrations. The southern polar province is not included in this map, because it is only in the process of discovery and, according to all previous experience, it does not harbour land mammals (Wagner 1846b, p. 241; Table 1).
Fig. 14 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 14. World biogeographical regionalisation, with indication of the regions and transition zones. (1) Nearctic region; (2) Palearctic region; (3) Neotropical region; (4) Ethiopian region; (5) Oriental region; (6) Andean region; (7) Australian region; (8) Antarctic region; (9) Mexican transition zone; (10) Chinese transition zone; (11) Saharo-Arabian transition zone; (12) South American transition zone; (13) Indo-Malayan transition zone.
Fig. 12 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 12. The six major biogeographical divisions of Kreft and Jetz (2010) are highlighted in the dendrogram with large coloured rectangles: Australian (orange); Neotropical (red); African (brown); Oriental (yellow); Palaearctic (blue); Nearctic (green). The first 30 groups in the dendrogram (small rectangles) and in the map are displayed in different colours. Additionally, the first 60 groups are indicated with black boundaries in the map (Kreft and Jetz 2010, fig 9).
Fig. 7 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 7. Biogeographische Gliederung der Kontinente [Biogeographic Classification of the Continents] (Arldt 1907, map 1). Shaded areas indicate regions; hatched lines indicate the boundaries of kingdoms; bold lines the boundaries of regions; and thin lines the boundaries of subregions.
Fig. 11 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 11. Biogeographic regionalisation of Rapoport (1968) recognising the Holarctic, Holotropical and Holantarctic belts.
Fig. 10 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 10. Simplified diagram of the main conventional zoogeographical subdivisions (Poynton 1959, fig. 1). The Palaearctic and Nearctic are treated as subregions within a larger Holarctic region.
Fig. 4 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature
Fig. 4. Zoogeographical areas illustrating the Distributions of Birds by R. Bowlder Sharpe (1893). The classification is loyal to Wallace (1876a, 1876b) because it clearly distinguishes the Nearctic from the Palaearctic.
FIGURE 11. Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia Version 6.1 in A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia
FIGURE 11. Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia Version 6.1 (IBRA, 1995). [Reproduced with permission of Australian Government].
FIGURE 10 in A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia
FIGURE 10. The avian endemic areas of Cracraft (1991). [Reproduced with permission of CSIRO Publishing, Australia.]
FIGURE 8 in A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia
FIGURE 8. "The fluvifaunal provinces of Australasia (modified from Iredale and Whitley 1938).1. Lessonian; 2. Tobinian; 3. Krefftian; 4. Jardinian; 5. Leichhardtian; 6. Vlaminghian; 7. Greyian; 8. Xitchellian; 9. Sturtian; 10. Gaimardian; 11. Riechian" (McMichael & Hiscock 1958, fig. 17). [Reproduced with permission of CSIRO Publishing, Australia.]
FIGURE 7 in A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia
FIGURE 7. "Range of distribution of western, northern, and southern species and marine regions" (Kott 1952 fig. 182). [Reproduced with permission of CSIRO Publishing, Australia.]
FIGURE 6 in A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia
FIGURE 6. The regions of Schilder and Schilder (1939: p. 223). "Map 1 shows the boundaries of the 31 regions and the average temperature of the sea level in the coldest month observed in the 114 areas. Map 2. indicates the number of species and races credited as living in these 114 areas" (Schilder and Schilder 1939, p. 223, original italics). [Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.]
FIGURE 9 in A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia
FIGURE 9. "The approximate boundaries of the various subregions of the Australian desert, based upon a variety of sources" (Pianka 1969b, fig. 1). [Reproduced with permission of Ecological Society of America.]
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