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182 results for “biological function”
Snail Shell Strength and Total Crush Force of a Northern Michigan Snail as a Function of Predation Risk at the University of Michigan Biological Station Stream Research Facility (5/31/23-8/1/23)
Many prey organisms respond to the non-consumptive effects of predators by altering their physiology, morphology, and behavior. These inducible defenses can create refuges for prey by decreasing the likelihood of consumption by predators. Some prey, as in marine mollusks, have been shown to alter their morphology in response to the presence of size-limited predation. To extend this work into the freshwater realm, we presented pointed campeloma snails (Campeloma decisum) to chemical cues from a natural predator, the rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus), to better understand how snail morphology changes under the threat of predation. The total force needed to crush shells, total shell length, aperture width, and total weight, along with changes to these three body measurements were recorded for each individual and used to quantify morphological changes as a function of risk. Snails exposed to crayfish chemical cues needed significantly more force to crush their shells than controls (p = 0.002). Total shell length was greater in crayfish exposed snails than control snails (p = 0.002), and snails in the crayfish treatment also showed significantly more change in shell length than control snails (p = 0.003). Similarly, aperture width was significantly greater in exposed snails (p = 0.002). However, exposed snails exhibited significantly less change in aperture width than controls (p = 0.017). Finally, we found that snails exposed to crayfish weighed significantly more than snails in the control (p = 0.0009). Thus, the results of this study show that morphology of gastropods is altered in the presence of predators, and this may be an antipredator tactic directly related to risk.
Accompanying dataset; 'Agroforestry enhances biological activity, diversity and soil-based ecosystem functions in mountain agroecosystems of Latin America: A meta-analysis.'
<p>The database created as part of the meta-analysis is designed to facilitate the comparison of biological activity, diversity (BIAD), and ecosystem functions (EFs) between agroforestry systems (AFS) and other land-use types. It incorporates data extracted from selected studies, each record comprising a mean value, sample size, and a variance measure to compute standard deviation. The database also categorizes data according to 22 explanatory variables, including geographical coordinates, climate classification, soil type, AFS classification, and more, to characterize the sites and management systems involved. This detailed classification enables a nuanced analysis of how different factors might influence the BIAD and EFs in the context of AFS. The database supports the meta-analysis by allowing for the estimation of effect sizes using response ratios, which compare the relative difference in BIAD and EFs between AFS and other land uses. Data extraction from primary studies was meticulous, employing both direct and indirect methods such as graph digitizing software, and missing data were supplemented using reliable sources or direct communication with the original study authors. The comprehensive nature of this database ensures that the analysis can account for a wide range of variables that may affect the outcomes of interest in the meta-analysis. </p><p>For an in-depth exploration of the study's findings and methodology, refer to the comprehensive meta-analysis available in Global Change Biology (2024), entitled "<i>Agroforestry Enhances Biological Activity, Diversity, and Soil-Based Ecosystem Functions in Mountain Agroecosystems of Latin America: A Meta-Analysis</i>."</p>
Supporting data and codes for: A new biological species in the Mercurialis annua polyploid complex: functional divergence in inflorescence morphology, hybrid sterility and possible introgression
<p>This GitHub repository includes R codes and datasets for the paper: A new biological species in the Mercurialis annua polyploid complex: functional divergence in inflorescence morphology, hybrid sterility and possible introgression</p>
Figure 18 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 18. The anatomy of Paphies elongata (a and b) compared with that of Donax hanleyanus (c and d), both drawn to the same relative scale (for actual scales see the earlier illustrations). (a) and (c) are views of the apertures of the inhalant siphons; (b) and (d) are the internal organs of the mantle cavity showing the visceral mass and foot, the musculature, the orientation of the ctenidia and labial palps and the simplified intestine. (c) is re-drawn after Luzzatto and Penchaszadeh (2001, fig. 1); (d) is a compendium of re-drawn figures from Narchi (1978). (See previous illustrations for interpretations of structure).
Figure 15 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 15. Paphies elongata. The course of the intestine in the visceral mass as seen from the right side. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); AN, anus; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; CSS, crystalline style sac; DD, digestive diverticulae; DEF, dorsal extension of the foot; EMG, expanded region of the mid gut; F, foot; G, gonad; H, heart; HF, heel of the foot; HG, hind gut; M, mouth; MG, mid gut; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; R, rectum.
Figure 11. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 11. Paphies elongata. A more detailed illustration of the anterior adductor muscle complex. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle (1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle (2); APEM, anterior pedal elevator muscles; APP, anterior pedal protractor muscle; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle scar; VM, visceral mass.
Figure 9 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 9. Paphies elongata. (a) the organs of the mantle cavity as seen from the left side after removal of the left shell valve and mantle lobe. (b) A diagrammatic transverse section through the left ctenidium showing the ciliary currents. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; CA, ctenidial axis; DEF, dorsal extension of the foot; ES, exhalant siphon; FMM, fused mantle margin; HF, heel of the foot; ID, inner demibranch; IS, inhalant siphon; F, foot; OD, outer demibranch; OLP, outer labial palp; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; SAE, supra-axial extension of the outer demibranch; VMFG, ventral margin food groove of the inner demibranch.
Figure 5. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 5. Paphies elongata. A more detailed view of the hinge plate of the right valve showing the structure of the ligament. ACT, anterior cardinal tooth; ALT, anterior lateral tooth; AOLL, anterior outer ligament layer; ILL, inner ligament layer; P, periostracum; PCT, posterior cardinal tooth; PLT?, possible posterior lateral tooth; POLL, posterior outer ligament layer; PR, prodissoconch; RE, resilifer; S, socket.
Figure 4 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 4. Paphies elongata. Internal views of (a) the left and (b) the right hinge plates. ACT, anterior cardinal tooth; ALT, anterior lateral tooth; L, ligament; PCT, posterior cardinal tooth; PLT?, possible posterior lateral tooth; S, socket.
Figure 3 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 3. Paphies elongata. An internal view of the right shell valve showing the hinge plate and the muscle scars. The black dot indicates the position of the only naticid drill hole found in any of the empty valves collected. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle scar(1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle scar (2); APP, anterior pedal protractor muscle scar; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle scar; PA, posterior adductor muscle scar; PG, pedal gape sinus scar; PL, pallial line scar; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle scar; PS, pallial sinus; U, umbo.
Figure 13 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 13. Paphies elongata. The ciliary currents of the left mantle lobe. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle(2); APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PGS, pedal gape sinus scar; PL, pallial line; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; PS, pallial sinus.
Figure 1. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)
Figure 1. Paphies elongata. A living individual in its life position in the sediment. Closed arrow represents the inhalant stream, open arrows the exhalant.
Figure 6 in Further investigation of the characteristics and biological function of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen 1
Figure 6. KEGG pathway classification of differentially expressed proteins in DF-1 cells transiently transfected with EtAMA1.
Figure 5 in Further investigation of the characteristics and biological function of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen 1
Figure 5. Gene ontology analysis of 163 proteins differentially expressed in DF-1 cells transiently transfected with EtAMA1. Proteins were annotated based on biological process, cellular component, and molecular function.
Figure 3 in Further investigation of the characteristics and biological function of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen 1
Figure 3. Inhibition of sporozoite invasion in vitro by antibodies against rEtAMA1, rEtESP, and rEtRON2. (a) Invasion-inhibition activities of single antibodies. Anti-rEtAMA1, rEtESP, and rEtRON2 rabbit anti-serum against recombinant EtAMA1, EtESP and EtRON2 protein, respectively; IgG, normal rabbit serum. (b) Invasion-inhibition activities of antibody combinations. Combinations of anti-rEtAMA1 and antirEtESP or anti-rEtRON2 were added at a ratio of 1:1 to generate a gradient concentration of IgG. All assays were performed in triplicate. *p <0.05, **p <0.01 and ***p <0.001, as determined by the Student's t-test versus the non-immunized IgG groups at the same concentration.
Figure 2 in Further investigation of the characteristics and biological function of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen 1
Figure 2. Colocalization of EtAMA1, EtESP, and EtRON2 in sporozoites by indirect immunofluorescence. Parasites were immunostained with anti-rEtAMA1, and anti-rEtESP or anti-rEtRON2 antibodies, visualized with FITC (green) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 10 µm.
Figure 1. EtAMA1 in Further investigation of the characteristics and biological function of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen 1
Figure 1. EtAMA1 is secreted by micronemes. (a) EtAMA1 secretion is FCS- and temperature-dependent. Fresh sporozoites were incubated in PBS or complete medium (CM) at 4 °C or 41 °C for 2 h. Supernatants containing excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) were harvested and analyzed by western blotting to detect EtAMA1 and EtMIC2. (b) EtAMA1 secretion is inhibited by staurosporine. Sporozoites were incubated in CM with various concentrations of staurosporine or DMSO at 41 °C for 2 h. Supernatants containing ESAs was harvested and analyzed by western blotting to detect EtAMA1 and EtMIC2.
Figure 4 in Further investigation of the characteristics and biological function of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen 1
Figure 4. In vitro sporozoite invasion of DF-1 cells transiently transfected with EtAMA1. (a) Verification of pcDNA3.1-(+)-EtAMA1 expression in DF-1 cells by IFA. (b) The proliferation of DF-1 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-(+)-EtAMA1 or pcDNA3.1-(+). (c) Sporozoite invasion rate in DF-1 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-(+)-EtAMA1 or pcDNA3.1-(+). *p <0.05 and **p <0.01, as determined by the Student's t-test versus the untreated group.
main source codes and files of "Meta-path Based Prioritization of Functional Drug Actions with Multi-Level Biological Networks"
<p>These source codes and their related files are associated the study. "Meta-path Based Prioritization of Functional Drug Actions with Multi-Level Biological Networks"</p> <p>This study is in process of publication.</p>
Physical stabilization of water-soluble PVA nanofibrous materials functionalized with biologically active substances
<p>Tissue engineering aims to develop materials that enhance biological activity and promote tissue healing and regeneration. One promising approach is to functionalize nanofibrous materials with antimicrobial substances, such as lipophosphonoxin (LPPO), and use water-soluble polymers like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to incorporate bioactive molecules into fibers. However, water-soluble materials often face the issue of "burst release," releasing over 90% of the active substances within the initial 24 hours. This research focuses on preparing functionalized nanofibrous materials based on PVA containing the experimental antimicrobial compound LPPO and subsequent physical stabilization of the materials using the "Heat treatment" method. The applied stabilization successfully reduced the incorporated substance's release rate by up to 50%. The resulting materials have the potential to provide functional cross-linked PVA nanofiber scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications in large and chronic skin injuries.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.