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19 results for “biological soil crusts”
Carbon exchange responses of rehydrated and incubated biological soil crust samples from White Sands National Park in 2020-2022
This dataset contains photosynthetic light response data from biological soil crusts collected from a gypsum sand sheet at White Sands National Park, NM, USA in three different seasons. This study aims to 1) assess the carbon fixation capacity of biocrust types; 2) assess biocrust carbon fixation response under varying incubation times; 3) and understand variability in carbon fixation response in different seasons. Sample collection occurred in July 2020 (summer), September 2021 (fall), and March 2022 (winter). The biocrust types of interest were light cyanobacterial, dark cyanobacterial, Peltula lichen, Clavascidium lichen, and moss crusts. Samples were collected with the intention of taking carbon fixation measurements after different incubation periods (30 min, 2 hr, 6 hr, 12hr, or 24 hr in 2020, and 30 min, 2 hr, 6 hr, 12hr, 24 hr, or 36 hr in 2021 and 2022). For each condition (biocrust type and incubation time) there were five replicates in 2020 (total n=125) and ten replicates in 2021 and 2022 (total n=300). After collection, the intact samples were re-wetted and subjected to their respective incubation period and measured for photosynthetic response. The resulting light response curves and photosynthetic information was be used for comparing biocrust type, incubation time response differences, and seasonal variation to understand variability of biocrust carbon flux response at a single site. This data set includes the light response curve values and photosynthetic data calculated from these curves and raw LICOR output files compiled into 3 spreadsheet files. The included 2020 data is also associated with the White Sands National Park data from Jornada Study 549. This dataset accompanies the in-press article by Hoellrich et al. (2023) cited below, and the study is now complete. Hoellrich, Mikaela R., Darren K. James, David Bustos, Anthony Darrouzet-Nardi, Louis S. Santiago, and Nicole Pietrasiak. "Biocrust carbon exchange varies with crust type and time on Ch
Cover and frequency of biological soil crust community types, moss species, vascular plants, and abiotic land surface features, on gypsum & non-gypsum soils from the Chihuahuan and Mojave Deserts in 2023
This dataset contains raw and calculated percent cover and frequency data for biological soil crust (hereafter biocrust) functional groups, vascular plant functional groups, and abiotic land surface features on and off gypsum soils in the northern Chihuahuan and eastern Mojave Deserts. Abundance data were obtained from 20 study sites total, 10 located on soils derived from gypsum parent material and 10 located on soils derived from non-gypsum parent materials. Sites were grouped into 10 pairs, in which every gypsum site was partnered with a non-gypsum site located in the same region. Apart from soil type, partnered-site characteristics (topography, climate, elevation, slope, aspect, and presence of biocrusts) were held relatively constant. At each site, cover and frequency assessments were made using the line-point intercept method (LPI) and frequency quadrats (1.0 m^2), respectively. Biocrust functional groups included the following crusts: lichen, moss, incipient algal, light algal, dark algal, unknown photosynthetic crust, and vagrant cyanobacteria. Vascular plant categories included: perennial forbs, perennial graminoids, annual forbs, annual graminoids, subshrub, shrub, Yucca, and cacti. Abiotic land surface features included: woody litter, herbaceous litter, bare soil, rock, bedrock, and animal feces. Moss crusts identified within cover and frequency analyses were sampled, and classified to species level via microscopy. The resulting percent cover and frequency data was used to understand differences in biocrust and moss species abundance and diversity on and off gypsum soils; furthermore, how biocrust and moss species abundance was associated with the measured environmental variables. Soil physical and chemical data from this study can be accessed at knb-lter-jrn.210616002. This study and dataset are complete.
Effects of Altered Precipitation on Biological Soil Crusts, Fungi, and Soil Nitrogen Availability at the Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2016)
Microbial activity in drylands is mediated by the magnitude and frequency of growing season rain events that will shift as climate change progresses. Nitrogen is often co-limiting with water availability to dryland plants, and thus we investigated how microbes important to the nitrogen (N) cycle and soil N availability varied temporally and spatially in the context of a long-term rainfall variability experiment in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Specifically, we assessed biological soil crust (biocrust) chlorophyll content, fungal abundance, and inorganic N in soils adjacent to individuals of the grassland foundation species, Bouteloua eriopoda, and in the unvegetated interspace at multiple time points associated with an experimental monsoon rain treatment. Treatments included small weekly (5 mm) or large monthly (20 mm) rain events, which had been applied during the summer monsoon for nine years prior to our sampling. Additionally, we evaluated target plant C:N ratios and added 15 N-glutamate to biocrusts to determine potential for nutrient transport to B. eriopoda. Biocrust chlorophyll was up to 67% higher in the small weekly or large monthly rainfall regimes compared to ambient controls. Fungal biomass was 57% lower in soil interspaces than adjacent to plants but did not respond to rainfall regime treatments. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations near plants declined through the sampling period but varied little in soil interspaces. There was limited movement of 15 N from interspace biocrusts to leaves but high 15 N retention in the soils even after additional ambient and experimental rain events. Plant C:N ratio was unaffected by rainfall treatments. The long-term alteration in rainfall regime in this experiment did not change how short-term microbial abundance or N availability responded to the magnitude or frequency of events, suggesting a limited response of N availability to future climate change.
Biotic and abiotic composition of biological soil crusts in grassland and tarbush ecosystems at the Jornada Basin LTER site, 2017-2018
This data package contains data on biotic and abiotic composition of biological soil crusts at grassland and shrubland sites at the Jornada Basin LTER site. Biological soil crusts (BSCs) of three types, cyanolichen, dark algal, and light algal, were collected during the summer 2017, fall 2017, and spring 2018 seasons to discern differences between two vegetation states (grass and tarbush). A total of 51 biocrusts were collected from 3 tarbush sites and 3 grass sites. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis was used to characterize the microfloral community, while a modified extraction method was employed to observe direct counts of microfauna (multicellular microbes and protists). Soil chemical analysis was also used to obtain nutrient concentrations of each biocrust. Data include microfauna counts, microflora biomass, and soil nutrient composition. This study is complete.
Data from: Moss dominated biological soil crust reduced runoff by increasing wetted perimeter of cross-section
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Incorporating biological soil crusts into the B factor to enhance the accuracy of soil erosion models in drylands
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Multiple diversity facets of crucial microbial groups in biological soil crusts promote soil multifunctionality
<p>Aim: Microbial diversity is one of the most important factors for maintaining the performance of multiple functions in soils (multifunctionality). However, existing studies typically consider taxonomic richness or Shannon diversity of the entire community. We know little about the connection network of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity facets and their collective impact on multifunctionality. In this study, the linkages of diversity effects within functional groups were disentangled in drylands.</p> <p>Location: The central Tibetan Plateau.</p> <p>Time period: Present.</p> <p>Major taxa studied: Phototrophs and diazotrophs (mainly cyanobacteria).</p> <p>Methods: Given the carbon- and nitrogen-limited nature of drylands, we conducted a high throughput sequencing of C/N-fixing functional groups from biocrusts and evaluated multiple diversity facets (i.e., richness, evenness, and phylogeny-related trait dissimilarity), together with seven crucial variables of soil functioning to calculate multifunctionality. The relations between multifaceted diversity and abundance with individual functions and multifunctionality were validated by a set of solid statistical analyses.</p> <p>Results: We found that the integrated biodiversity index was a stronger predictor of multifunctionality than richness. The divergent performance of different diversity facets determined the idiosyncratic effect of each functional group on soil multifunctionality. Moreover, the evaluation of functional significance at the species level gave important clues on the trade-offs and redundancy in each functional group, explaining the distinct patterns of diversity effects. Namely, richness was the dominant factor for diazotrophs to maximize multifunctionality, whereas phylogenetic dissimilarity was the essential one for phototrophs.</p> <p>Main conclusions: our study demonstrated that multiple diversity facets should be considered when grasping the biodiversity effects. In contrast with the community level, within-functional group measures may adequately capture the features of diversity that are most correlated with soil multifunctionality. Our results provided a perspective to bridge the gap between taxonomic and trait-based approaches for elucidating the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship.</p>
FIGURE 1 in The first squamulose Thelocarpon species (Thelocarpaceae, Ascomycota) discovered in the biological soil crusts in the Bolivian Andes
FIGURE 1. Thelocarpon andicola (holotype). A, initial subglobose perithecioid ascomata, forming a single thalline warts surrounding by thalline squamules. B, young squamulose thallus with six ascomata. C, mature large thallus with numerous ascomata. D, cross section of thalline wart with ascoma showing surrounding algal sheath, thin cortical layer and yellow-pruinose outer layer. Scales: A–C—500 µm, D—50 µm.
Functional diversity of experimental annual plant assemblages drives plant responses to biological soil crusts in gypsum systems
<p>1. Biological soil crusts (BSC) are complex biotic aggregates comprised of lichens, cyanobacteria, algae, and other microorganism that are known to differently affect plant development along life cycle by selecting plant functional traits based on species-specific effects. In addition, functional differences between interacting species should modulate their response ability to other environmental factors. Thus, it should be expected that the effects of the BSC on plants will be significantly determined by the own functional diversity in the community.</p> <p>2. To understand the multiple effects of BSC and the extent to which the functional diversity of interacting plant species can modulate their effects on the development of coexisting species, we applied an experimental approach by manipulating the initial functional diversity of the entire annual plant community and BSC conditions in a common garden trial. We crossed three sorts of assemblages built on the basis of plant stature (combinations of only large, or only small, or diverse sized plant species in pots) with three lichen-dominated BSC disturbance scenarios (intact, or tiny mechanically disaggregated, or absent portions of BSC).</p> <p>3. Biological soil crusts strongly affected the establishment and development of gypsophilous annual plants in a complex, multifaceted manner, which shifted throughout the plant life cycle. We demonstrated that lichen-dominated BSC could act as a major physical barrier to the establishment of annual plants at a heterogeneous fine spatial scale. Such a restrictive effect was particularly marked in presence of intact BSC. However, after annual plants overcame the restrictions imposed by BSC, the same biotic layer facilitated plant growth and fitness, regardless of its physical integrity, resulting in larger plants producing more fruits.</p> <p>4. Importantly, our results suggest that the functional diversity structure of the community may also drive growth and fitness of coexisting species by activating alternative coexistence mechanisms such as niche partitioning or competition symmetry. This study highlights the importance of plant neighbourhood features for the performance of interacting species, and confirms a novel, experimental way to explore the effects of community diversity on plants for the interpretation of assembly mechanisms.</p>
Top-down effects on biological soil crust function
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Snail mucus increases the CO2 efflux of biological soil crusts
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Data from: Biological soil crusts modulate nitrogen availability in semi-arid ecosystems: insights from a Mediterranean grassland
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Functional diversity of experimental annual plant assemblages drives plant responses to biological soil crusts in gypsum systems
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Multiple diversity facets of crucial microbial groups in biological soil crusts promote soil multifunctionality
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Data from: Warming reduces the growth and diversity of biological soil crusts in a semi-arid environment: implications for ecosystem structure and functioning
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Data from: Linking biological soil crust attributes to the multifunctionality of vegetated patches and interspaces in a semiarid shrubland
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Data from: Development and calibration of a novel sensor to quantify the water content of surface soils and biological soil crusts
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Dynamic transcriptional response of Microcoleus vaginatus to hydration and dehydration in a desert biological soil crust
GEO Series GSE40188. Microcoleus vaginatus; Microcoleus vaginatus PCC 9802; Microcoleus vaginatus FGP-2. 52 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
FIGURE 2 in The first squamulose Thelocarpon species (Thelocarpaceae, Ascomycota) discovered in the biological soil crusts in the Bolivian Andes
FIGURE 2. Thelocarpon andicola (holotype). A, cross section of thalline wart showing colourless paraplectenchymatous exciple and thalline layer composed of loosely arranged hyphae and photobiont cells (mounted in LPCB). B, flask-shaped ascus (mounted in Lugol's solusion). C, ascus apex (mounted in Lugol's solusion). D, cross section of conidiomata immersed in thallus (mounted in LPCB). E, conidiophores with elongated conidiogenous cells and acrogenous conidia (upper mounted in LPCB; lower in tap water). F, ascospores with 1–2 oil droplets (in tap water). G, conidia with 1–2 oil droplets (upper mounted in LPCB; lower in tap water). Scales: A—50 µm, B—20 µm, C—10 µm, D—25 µm, E–G—10 µm.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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