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24 results for “biotic homogenization”
Data from: Homogeneous selection and stochasticity overrule heterogeneous selection across biotic taxa and ecosystems
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Species redistribution combined with invasive dominance but not species turnover promotes biotic homogenization following invasion
<p>Disentangling the processes lead to biotic homogenization is important and will guide conservation efforts. Temporal turnover in species composition (i.e., β-diversity) and changes in local α-diversity are two distinct processes drive biotic homogenization, but these effects may be masked by invasive dominance. After removing invasive dominance, we compared the changes in species diversity and species distribution patterns before and after invasion aims to measure the relative contribution of species turnover and local diversity changes to biological homogenization. Invasive dominance indeed had an important contribution to biotic homogenization, and the effects increased with an increase in the invasive species number. Species composition of native plots was not significantly different from invaded plots when removing invasive species. Invasion changed native species distribution patterns and promoted the wide spread of most species, which causes an increase in local richness and community evenness. We highlight that species redistribution combined with invasive dominance but not species turnover promotes biotic homogenization, especially at early invasion stages. Avoiding the ecological impacts of biotic homogenization following invasion will require much stronger proactive management to prevent invasive dominance as well as increase monitoring at the early stages of invasion.</p>
Non-native species drive biotic homogenization, but it depends on the realm, beta diversity facet and study design: A meta-analytic systematic review
<p>While reducing the species richness of invaded communities is a well-known consequence of biological invasions, non-native species can also reduce variability between communities over time (i.e., beta diversity) in a process known as biotic homogenization. Although biotic homogenization due to non-native species is a common topic of theoretical reviews, we believe no global meta-analysis on the effect of non-native species on beta diversity has been carried out yet. Here, we systematically show that non-native species drive biotic homogenization, but it depends on the realm, beta diversity facet and study design. Biotic homogenization was more intense in marine and freshwater ecosystems than in terrestrial ecosystems. We also found that non-native species reduced both taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity, but not the functional beta diversity. Finally, we observed more intense effects using "before vs. after invasion" followed by "uninvaded vs. invaded sites" while the effect size of studies using "communities associated with native vs. non-native species" did not differ from zero. Our findings highlight that non-native species contribute to biotic homogenization as a prevalent pattern in communities worldwide, and that biodiversity conservation strategies should go beyond investigating the reduction in the number of species by also taking into account beta diversity in its multiple facets.</p>
Urban biotic homogenization: approaches and knowledge gaps
<p>Urbanization is restructuring ecosystems at an unprecedented pace, with complex and profound consequences for life on earth. One of the hypothesized trajectories of urban ecosystems and species communities is biotic homogenization, possibly leading to very similar species assemblages in cities across the globe. Urbanization can, however, also have the opposite effect: biotic diversification, with cities – at least on the local scale – becoming biologically more diverse, mainly as a consequence of high species introduction rates and habitat diversification. Applying the hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach, we systematically map and structure the comprehensive body of literature on the urban biotic homogenization (UBH) hypothesis, comprising 225 individual studies (i.e. tests of the hypothesis) retrieved from 145 publications. The UBH hypothesis is studied at multiple levels with a multitude of approaches and underlying assumptions. We show that UBH is generally used with two very different connotations: about half of the studies investigated a potential increase in community similarity across cities, whereas the other half investigated biotic homogenization within cities, the latter being supported more frequently. We also found strong research biases: (1) a taxonomic bias towards birds and plants; (2) a bias towards small and medium distances (<5000 km) in comparisons across cities; (3) a dominance of studies substituting space for time vs. true temporal studies; (4) a strong focus on terrestrial vs. aquatic systems; (5) more extraurban (including periurban) areas than natural or rural ecosystems for comparison to urban systems; (6) a bias towards taxonomic vs. functional, phylogenetic and temporal homogenization; and (7) more studies undertaken in Europe and North America than in other continents. The overall level of empirical support for the UBH hypothesis was mixed, with 55% of the studies reporting supporting evidence. Results significantly differed when a natural/nature reserve, an extraurban or rural/agricultural area served as reference to infer biotic homogenization, with homogenization being detected least frequently when urban systems were compared to agricultural, i.e. other anthropogenically influenced, study sites. We provide an evidence map and a bibliographic network, and identify key references on UBH with the goal to enhance accessibility and orientation for future research on this topic.</p>
Data from: Biotic homogenization and differentiation of plant communities in tropical and subtropical forests
<h4><strong>The article is published in Conservation Biology and available at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14025">https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14025</a></strong></h4> <h4>Here we developed a framework to assess the current 'state of the art' of biotic homogenization and differentiation processes in tropical and subtropical plant communities globally, using a systematic literature review.</h4> <h4>Please find below the analysis code and data used in the study.</h4> <h2>Descriptions for the files and scripts</h2> <h3>The `R` folder contains.</h3> <p><strong>1. *analysis_homogenization-differentiation.R*</strong> - script to generate the frequency and explanatory plots used in the manuscript.</p> <h3><br>The `output` folder contains:</h3> <p><strong>1. figures</strong><br><strong> 1. *Fig.1.tiff*</strong> - Figure 1 main text.<br><strong> 2. *Fig.2.tiff*</strong> - Figure 2 main text.<br><strong> 3. *Fig.3.tiff*</strong> - Figure 3 main text.<br><strong> 4. *Fig.4.tiff*</strong> - Figure 4 main text.<br><strong> 5. *Fig.5.tiff*</strong> - Figure 5 main text.<br><strong> 6. *Fig.6.tiff*</strong> - Figure 6 main text.<br><strong> 7. *Fig.7.tiff*</strong> - Figure 7 main text.</p> <p><strong>2. supp</strong><br><strong> 1. *appendix_S1-homogenization-differentiation.xlsx*</strong> - Supplementary material of the article. The file contains 4 sheets (*data*, *legend*, *scales_size* and *search_keywords*)</p> <h3><br>The `data` folder contains:</h3> <p><strong>1. processed</strong><br><strong> 1. *data_homogenization_refined.xlsx*</strong> - the data used in the analysis. Each analyzed variable was separated by a different sheet.</p> <p><br><strong>1. raw</strong><br><strong> 1. *data_homogenization.xlsx*</strong> - the raw data used in the analysis.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Acknowledgments</h2> <p>This work was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (Finance code 001), through Portal de Periódicos to articles access and scholarship granted to J.M.F.K.</p>
Andean grassland stability across spatial scales increases with camelid grazing intensity despite biotic homogenization
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Species redistribution combined with invasive dominance but not species turnover promotes biotic homogenization following invasion
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Urban biotic homogenization: approaches and knowledge gaps
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Linear infrastructure drives biotic homogenization among bird species of a tropical dry forest
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Non-native species drive biotic homogenization, but it depends on the realm, beta diversity facet and study design: A meta-analytic systematic review
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Data from: More is less: net gain in species richness, but biotic homogenization over 140 years
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Invasive species and biotic homogenization in temperate aquatic plant communities
<p>Aim: Biotic homogenization (BH), a reduction in the distinctness of species composition between geographically separated ecological communities in a region, is an important but underappreciated potential consequence of biological invasions. While BH theory has always considered invasions, it has generally been in a relatively narrow context, i.e., that the cosmopolitan nature of invasive species increases BH because of their shared presence across many locations. We sought to evaluate this component of BH as well as broader effects of invasive species on BH through changes in native communities, including overall reductions in species richness or shifts in species composition.</p> <p>Location: Minnesota, USA</p> <p>Time Period: 2002-2014</p> <p>Major Taxa Studied: Aquatic macrophytes, including both vascular plants and attached macroalgae.</p> <p>Methods: We used surveys of aquatic macrophyte communities from 1,102 shallow lakes in Minnesota, USA (including 248 lakes with repeated surveys) to evaluate relationships between invasion, native species, and BH.</p> <p>Results: We found that the presence of invasive species was associated with BH and that this pattern was reflected in both the total community (i.e., with invasive species included) and in the composition of the native species community alone. We found that invaded lakes were more compositionally similar to each other than uninvaded lakes, but that both groups were becoming more similar over time—despite neither group exhibiting declines in species richness. This pattern was largely driven by shifts in the native community itself, with common species becoming more widespread and rare species becoming rarer.</p> <p>Main Conclusions: Invasive species increase measures of community similarity through their own presence in multiple locations, and also by influencing the composition of native species. These patterns have important implications for conservation and management and suggest that BH should be considered more widely in evaluating the impacts of biological invasions and developing response strategies.</p>
Data from: Primary rainforest amount at the landscape scale mitigates bird biodiversity loss and biotic homogenization
1.Tropical conservation strategies traditionally focus on large tracts of pristine forests, but given rapid primary forest decline, understanding the role of secondary forest remnants for biodiversity maintenance is critical. Until now, the interactive effects of changes in forest amount, configuration and disturbance history (secondary vs. primary forest) on the conservation value of tropical landscapes has remained unknown, hampering the incorporation of these global change drivers into local and global conservation planning. 2.We disentangled effects of landscape wide forest amount, fragment size, and forest age (old growth versus secondary forest) on abundance, α-diversity, β-diversity (biotic homogenisation) and community shifts of bird communities in human-dominated landscapes of southern Costa Rica. Utilizing two complementary methods, yielding 6900 individual detections and 223 species, we characterized bird communities in 49 forest fragments representing independent gradients in fragment size (<5 ha vs >30 ha) and forest amount (5%-80%) in the surrounding landscape (within 1000 m). 3.Abundance and α-diversity of forest specialists and insectivores declined by half in small fragments, but only in landscapes with little old growth forest. Conversely, secondary forest at the landscape scale showed no such compensation effect. Similarly, a null-model approach indicated significant biotic homogenisation in small versus large fragments, but only in landscapes with little old growth forest, suggesting forest amount and configuration interactively affect β-diversity in tropical human-dominated landscapes. Finally, dramatic abundance-based community shifts relative to intact forests are largely a result of landscape-scale loss of old growth rather than changes in overall forest cover. 4.Policy implications. Our study provides strong evidence that retaining old growth within tropical human modified landscapes can simultaneously curb erosion of avian forest specialist α-diversity, mitigate collapse of β-diversity (biotic homogenisation) and dampen detrimental avian community shifts. However, secondary forests play, at best, a subordinate role to mitigate these processes. To maintain tropical forest biodiversity, retaining old growth forest within landscapes should be first priority, highlighting a land-sparing approach.
Data from: Increases in local richness (α-diversity) following invasion are offset by biotic homogenization in a biodiversity hotspot
The world's ecosystems are experiencing unparalleled rates of biodiversity change with invasive species implicated as one of the drivers that restructure local assemblages. Here we focus on the processes leading to biodiversity change in a biodiversity hotspot, the Brazilian Cerrado. The null expectation that invasion leads to increase in local species richness is supported by our investigation of the grass layer in two key habitats (campo sujo and campo úmido). Our analysis uncovered a linear relationship between total richness and invasive richness at the plot level. However, because the invasive species – even though few in number - are widespread, their contribution to local richness (α-diversity) is offset by their homogenizing influence on composition (β-diversity). We thus identify a mechanism that can help explain the paradox that species richness is not declining in many local assemblages, yet compositional change is exceeding the predictions of ecological theory. As such, our results emphasize the importance of quantifying both α-diversity and β-diversity in assessments of biodiversity change in the contemporary world.
Data and code for Rowan et al. "Long-term biotic homogenization in the East African Rift System over the last 6 Myr of hominin evolution"
<p>Data and code for Rowan et al. "Long-term biotic homogenization in the East African Rift System over the last 6 Myr of hominin evolution" published in <em>Nature Ecology and Evolution</em>.</p>
Data from: Primary rainforest amount at the landscape scale mitigates bird biodiversity loss and biotic homogenization
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Invasive species and biotic homogenization in temperate aquatic plant communities
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Data from: Increases in local richness (α-diversity) following invasion are offset by biotic homogenization in a biodiversity hotspot
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Data from: A new framework for investigating biotic homogenization and exploring future trajectories: oceanic island plant and bird assemblages as a case study
Studies of biotic homogenization have focused primarily on characterizing changes that have occurred between some past baseline and the present day. In order to understand how homogenization may change in the future, it is important to contextualize the processes driving these changes. Here, we examine empirical patterns of change in taxonomic similarity among oceanic island plant and bird assemblages. We use these empirical cases to unpack dynamic properties of biotic homogenization, thereby elucidating two important factors that have received little attention: 1) initial similarity and 2) the influence of six classes of introduction and extinction events. We use Jaccard's Index to explore the interplay among these factors in determining the changes in similarity that have occurred between human settlement and the present. Specifically, we develop general formulas for changes in similarity resulting from each of the six types of introductions and extinctions, so that the effect of each event type is formulated in terms of initial similarity and species richness. We then apply these insights to project how similarity levels would change in the future if the present patterns of introductions and extinctions continue. We show that the six event types, along with initial similarity, can show dramatically different behavior in different systems, leading to widely variable influences on similarity. Plant and bird biotas have homogenized only slightly to date, but their trajectories of change are highly divergent. Although existing patterns of colonization and extinction might not continue unchanged, if they were to do so then plant assemblages would show little additional change, whereas bird assemblages would become much more strongly homogenized. Our results suggest that moderate changes in similarity observed to date mask the potential for more dramatic changes in the future, and that the interaction among initial similarity and differential introduction and extinction regimes drives these dynamics.
Re-surveys reveal biotic homogenization of Orthoptera assemblages as a consequence of environmental change
<p>Aim: Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge. While population trends of vertebrates are well documented, insect declines have not been sufficiently studied and their drivers are still not fully understood. This inhibits the implementation of sensible conservation action. Repeating historical surveys can help to reveal the patterns and drivers of insect declines.</p> <p>Location: Central Europe</p> <p>Time period: 2018 to 2020</p> <p>Methods: We resurveyed 199 study sites in which Orthoptera assemblages had been recorded between 1986 and 1999.</p> <p>Results: Our results show a significant increase in species per site (α-diversity), but simultaneously a homogenization of Orthoptera assemblages (decreasing Sorensen's β-diversity). Highly mobile species significantly increased in site occupancy compared to species with low mobility. Some Orthoptera species showed significant altitudinal range shifts, including species with positive trends (i.e. expansion to higher altitudes) and negative trends (i.e. extinction at lower altitudes). Abandonment of extensively used grassland sites and the associated afforestation had negative effects on Orthoptera, underlining the importance of extensive grassland management. Protected areas had a high efficacy for conservation as trends in site occupancy were generally more positive in protected areas than in unprotected sites.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Our results provide insights into the patterns and drivers of orthopteran assemblage turnover, including major effects of agricultural land use change and climate change. These results are essential for implementing or adapting conservation action, as they show that traditional land use practices and reduction of nitrogen input are important to preserve Orthoptera. Insect monitoring is crucial for understanding global and regional insect population trends and for preventing species extinctions. It is therefore critical to repeat historical surveys in order to understand global biodiversity change and implement the necessary actions.</p>
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