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30 results for “black sand”
Soil moisture and snowdepth measurements in the Black Sand experiment for East Knoll, Audubon, Lefty, Soddie and Trough, 2018 - 2024.
The purpose of the Black Sand experiment is to measure treatment effects on date of snowmelt on Niwot Ridge. Five sites with paired plots (treatment and control) were implemented across Niwot as part of the extended summer research program in order to understand the effects of earlier snowmelt. This dataset contains measurements of snowdepth throughout the melt season, manual measurements of volumetric water content and temperature data as an indication of snowmelt timing.
Plant species composition in black sand extended growing season experiment, 2018 - 2023.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows in a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot of each block by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to these plots after snow had naturally melted. This dataset includes measurements of plant species composition.
ANPP, NDVI and canopy height in black sand extended growing season experiment, 2019 - 2023.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites, each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows and a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot at each site by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to control plots after snow had naturally melted. This dataset includes measurements of aboveground net primary productivity, plant canopy height and NDVI.
Soil moisture, temperature, and electrical conductivity data from the black sand extended growing season length experiment, 2018 - 2024, hourly.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how changes in growing season length may affect biotic and abiotic components, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These blocks include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows in a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot of each block by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control (black sand was added to these plots after snow had naturally melted). This dataset includes measurements of soil temperature, moisture, and electrical conductivity.
Time-lapse camera (phenocam) imagery of black sand extended growing season length experiment, 2022 - 2023.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and potentially earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows in a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot of each block by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to these plots after snow had naturally melted. This dataset includes phenocam images from 2022-2023.
Individual plant growth and reproduction in the black sand extended growing season experiment for East Knoll, Audubon, Lefty, and Trough sites, 2018 - 2020.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites, each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows and a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot at each site by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to control plots after snow had naturally melted. We used open top warming chambers (OTCs) to increase summer temperature in three subplots within each of the 10 x 40 m plots. This dataset includes measurements of growth and reproduction for Geum plants as well as counts of buds and flowers were counted and recorded for each tagged study plant, within all snow and warming treatments at all sites except Soddie.
Plant phenology observations in the black sand extended growing season experiment for East Knoll, Audubon, Lefty, and Trough sites, 2018 - 2020.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites, each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows and a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot at each site by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to control plots after snow had naturally melted. We used open top warming chambers (OTCs) to increase summer temperature in three subplots within each of the 10 x 40 m plots. This dataset includes measurements of plant species phenology within all snow and warming treatments at all sites except Soddie.
Plant species composition in ITEX subplots in black sand extended growing season experiment, 2018 - 2023.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites, each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows and a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot at each site by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to control plots after snow had naturally melted. We used open top warming chambers (OTCs) to increase summer temperature in three subplots within each of the 10 x 40 m plots. This dataset includes measurements of plant species composition within all snow and warming treatments.
Pollinator visitation, flower count, and seed set in Black Sand plots, 2020.
Anthropogenic climate change is altering interactions among numerous species, including plants and pollinators. Plant-pollinator interactions, crucial for the persistence of most plant and many insect species, are threatened by climate change-driven phenological shifts. Phenological mismatches between plants and their pollinators may affect pollination services, and simulations indicated that these mismatches may reduce floral resources available to up to 50% of insect pollinator species. Although alpine plants rely heavily on vegetative reproduction, seedling recruitment and seed dispersal are likely to be important drivers of alpine community structure. Similarly, advanced flowering may expose plants to increased risk of frost damage and shifted soil moisture regimes; phenologically advanced plants will experience these environmental factors differently, which may alter their floral resource production. These effects may be dependent upon topography. Some species of alpine plants on the Niwot Ridge have displayed advanced phenology under treatments of advanced snowmelt (Forrester, 2021). However, little is understood about how these differences in distribution and phenology affect pollinator community composition and plant fecundity. Here we strive to examine how experimentally-induced changes in the timing of flowering and number of flowers produced by plants impact plant-pollinator interactions and seed set. We also ask how topography and the number of flowers interact with early snowmelt to affect pollination rates and the diversity of pollinating insects. Finally, we ask how seed set of Geum rossii is affected by pollinator visitation at different times of the season, under experimentally advanced snowmelt versus unmanipulated snowmelt, and with visitation by different insect taxa. In summer 2020, we found that plots with advanced phenology experienced peaks in pollinator visitation rates and pollinator diversity earlier than plots with unmanipulated snowmelt.
Plant recruitment and seed quality in the Black Sand extended growing season experiment for East Knoll, Audubon, Lefty, and Trough sites, 2018 - 2020.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites, each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows and a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot at each site by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to control plots after snow had naturally melted. We used open top warming chambers (OTCs) to increase summer temperature in three subplots within each of the 10 x 40 m plots. This dataset includes measurements of plant recruitment and seed quality.
Pollinator visitation and floral resource production in Black Sand plots, 2019.
Anthropogenic climate change is altering interactions among numerous species, including plants and pollinators. Plant-pollinator interactions, crucial for the persistence of most plant and many insect species, are threatened by climate change-driven phenological shifts. Phenological mismatches between plants and their pollinators may affect pollination services, and simulations indicated that these mismatches may reduce floral resources available to up to 50 percent of insect pollinator species. Although alpine plants rely heavily on vegetative reproduction, seedling recruitment and seed dispersal are likely to be important drivers of alpine community structure. Similarly, advanced flowering may expose plants to increased risk of frost damage and shifted soil moisture regimes; phenologically advanced plants will experience these environmental factors differently, which may alter their floral resource production. Some species of alpine plants on the Niwot Ridge have displayed advanced phenology under treatments of advanced snowmelt (Forrester, unpublished data). However, little is understood about how these differences in distribution and phenology affect floral resources, pollinator community composition, and plant fecundity. Here we strive to examine how changes in the timing of flowering and number of flowers produced by plants, driven by experimental changes to climatic conditions at individual sites impact pollinator communities. In summer 2019, we found that plots with advanced phenology experienced peaks in pollinator visitation rates and pollinator diversity earlier than plots with unmanipulated snowmelt. We expect this to be because of the advanced floral phenology of certain key species in these plots. We did not find evidence that plants with advanced phenology produce fewer floral resources.
Plant root simulator nutrient availability data in the black sand extended growing season experiment, 2018 - 2020.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites, each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows and a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot at each site by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to control plots after snow had naturally melted. We used open top warming chambers (OTCs) to increase summer temperature in three subplots within each of the 10 x 40 m plots. This dataset includes plant nutrient availability as measured using plant root simulator probes.
Flower counts in the black sand extended growing season experiment, 2023.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows in a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot of each block by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to these plots after snow had naturally melted. This dataset includes ~biweekly flower counts from late June – late August 2023, which can be used to estimate onset, peak, and end of flowering and how these might change under a longer growing season due to black sand application.
GPS point locations of plots, subplots, itex subplots, transects and soil sensor in the black sand extended growing season experiment, 2018 - 2023.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows in a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot of each block by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to these plots after snow had naturally melted. This dataset includes geolocations of individual subplots and sensors within the experiment, measured in summer 2023.
Arthropod species composition in the black sand extended growing season experiment, 2021 - 2024.
Understanding overall arthropod diversity in alpine systems will help us determine how diverse our biota is and what functional ecological roles these animals can provide to ecosystem maintenance and stability. And ultimately, how these services are altered with climate change. Arthropod diversity and functional roles will be altered with climate change, and understanding these interactions will teach us how to protect alpine systems and make predictions for the impacts to other ecosystems. Understanding impacts on pollinators will help us predict the quality of pollinator services at lower elevations, which species need support/protection, and any policies and food management strategies that need to be implemented to adapt to changes in food production.
Hobo temperature data from the black sand extended growing season length and ITEX chamber experiment, hourly, 2018 - 2020
Climate warming is accelerating spring snowmelt in Colorado, with pronounced effects in mountain ecosystems. Early snowmelt results in an extended summer that may increase stress for plants, such as water limitation and a higher frequency of frost events. Alternatively, plants that are limited by a short growing season may benefit from longer summers under climate change. To simulate how changes in growing season length and air temperature may affect biotic and abiotic components, we accelerated snowmelt in one plot of each 4 blocks by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control (black sand was added to these plots after snow had naturally melted). ITEX warming chambers were added to 3 subplots within each block. This dataset includes measurements of soil surface or subsurface temperature within subplots.
Plant functional traits in the black sand extended growing season experiment, 2023.
Climate change is predicted to affect the alpine at a more rapid rate than other ecosystems. One predicted consequence is earlier snowmelt, which the Niwot Ridge LTER site Black Sand experiment aimed to replicate. Black sand was hand-spread across the early snowmelt treatment to cause a more rapid snowmelt than in the control plots. Sand was still spread across the control plots after snowmelt to control for the effects of the sand on vegetation. Each treatment also contained ITEX chambers which raised the temperature of individual plots. Within this larger experiment, we measured plant functional traits to see if they varied across the four treatments: control, control + ITEX, early snowmelt, and early snowmelt + ITEX.
Root endophyte colonization in the black sand extended growing season experiment for Audubon, Lefty, East Knoll and Trough sites, 2023.
This dataset contains detailed microscopy-based observations of root colonization by three major fungal guilds—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), dark septate endophytes (DSE), and fine root endophytes (FRE)—across multiple alpine plant species sampled from experimental black sand (early snowmelt) plots in the Rocky Mountains. Root samples were collected from plots subjected to different snowmelt timing treatments ("Early" and "Control") using black sand to cause early snowmelt to investigate the effects of phenological shifts in plants on fungal colonization. Each sample includes metadata on collection date, field location, plant species, and staining/scoring logistics, as well as quantified colonization metrics such as hyphae, arbuscules, vesicles, and other fungal structures. This dataset supports ongoing research into how alpine plant–fungal interactions respond to changing environmental conditions and may help identify shifts in mutualistic and non-mutualistic associations under climate-altered snowmelt regimes.
Text-fig. 3. Schematic geological section of the Kristina Mine near Hrádek/N. (state in 1963–1964) – height/length ratio 3:1. Explanations: vertical hatching – lignite seam, seamlet; dotted – coarse-grained sand, pea-gravel; short lines – sandy clay; white – clay; black lines – clay ironstone concretions; black dots – individual fossiliferous horizons designated as (A) plastic clay from the upper part of the main xylitic seam (about 5 m under t of the seam, (B) clay and "Blätterkohle" from the uppermost part of the first seamlet (split off the Main Coal Seam), (C) slightly sandy brown clay under the uppermost part of the Main Coal Seam, (D) base of the sandy clay with large concretions of the clay ironstone above the Main Coal Seam, (E) sandy clay (incl. clay ironstone) supplying most of leaf material with cuticles (F) 1–2 cm thin silty lenticles or thin beds of the sandy clay with xylites and Eomastixia within peagravels and coarse-grained sands, (G) coarse-grained sands with clayish silts with Fagus, Ocotea, Pterocarya, Tectocarya, (H) brown sandy clay underlying the uppermost seamlet, (I) lignite clay, base of the uppermost seamlet (J) Glyptostrobus – "Blätterkohle", base of the uppermost seamlet (according to Holý 1975, modified). in A Review Of The Early Miocene Mastixioid Flora Of The Kristina Mine At Hrádek Nad Nisou In North Bohemia (The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 3. Schematic geological section of the Kristina Mine near Hrádek/N. (state in 1963–1964) – height/length ratio 3:1. Explanations: vertical hatching – lignite seam, seamlet; dotted – coarse-grained sand, pea-gravel; short lines – sandy clay; white – clay; black lines – clay ironstone concretions; black dots – individual fossiliferous horizons designated as (A) plastic clay from the upper part of the main xylitic seam (about 5 m under t of the seam, (B) clay and "Blätterkohle" from the uppermost part of the first seamlet (split off the Main Coal Seam), (C) slightly sandy brown clay under the uppermost part of the Main Coal Seam, (D) base of the sandy clay with large concretions of the clay ironstone above the Main Coal Seam, (E) sandy clay (incl. clay ironstone) supplying most of leaf material with cuticles (F) 1–2 cm thin silty lenticles or thin beds of the sandy clay with xylites and Eomastixia within peagravels and coarse-grained sands, (G) coarse-grained sands with clayish silts with Fagus, Ocotea, Pterocarya, Tectocarya, (H) brown sandy clay underlying the uppermost seamlet, (I) lignite clay, base of the uppermost seamlet (J) Glyptostrobus – "Blätterkohle", base of the uppermost seamlet (according to Holý 1975, modified).
Con-mod soil moisture data in the Black Sand experiment plots for East Knoll, Audubon, Lefty, Soddie and Trough, 2019 - ongoing.
In the alpine tundra, shrubs modify wind distribution of snow, increasing snowpack on the leeward side of shrubs, and they provide shading, which modifies temperatures. In order to mimic these abiotic effect of shrubs, structures called connectivity modifiers, hereafter referred to as con-mods, were deployed in Black Band experiment plots in September 2018. Briefly, the Black Sand experiment was initiated in May 2018 to measure the effects of an extended growing season, by initiating earlier snow melt through the application of black sand, on plants and biogeochemistry. Together, this experimental framework allows us to ask how biotic effects influence climate exposure and ecological responsiveness.
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