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27 results for “black widow spider”
Spiders in a Desert City: What the Behavior and Microclimate of Western Black Widows Can Teach Us About the Impacts of Urbanization
With the planet rapidly urbanizing, understanding the ecological effects of urbanization is a grand challenge for modern biology. For example, increased city temperatures known as the urban heat island effect, disproportionately impact nocturnal taxa and this consideration is widely overlooked. Slight shifts in the thermal microclimate have a cascade of ramifications that directly impact species density and distribution. Animal behavior is a trait that may explain why some species thrive after urbanization when others go locally extinct. In this study we followed 22 adult females of the western black widow, Latrodectus hesperus, from both urban and undisturbed Sonoran Desert habitats. We began looking for differences between urban and desert spiders under field conditions: boldness, voracity, web size and body condition. Both urban and desert spiders were then brought to the laboratory to see how their behavior changed. We found no behavioral differences between urban and desert spiders in the field or the laboratory. We did find that spider behavior differed between the field and the laboratory. Specifically, boldness in the laboratory was significantly lower compared to the field. Voracity was more repeatable in the laboratory versus the field, and boldness was strongly positively correlated with voracity in the laboratory, but not in the field. These behavioral shifts from the field to the laboratory favor the conclusion that black widow behavior is highly plastic and context dependent. Lastly, we monitored web temperature of black widow microhabitat continuously for an entire year using thermochron data loggers. We found microhabitat temperatures differences between urban and desert sites were greatest at night and absent during the daytime. We uncovered a seasonal effect with the highest magnitude temperature difference occurring during the springtime. Additionally, behavior was significantly correlated with field temperatures; the boldest spiders come from the
Figs 70–75 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 70–75. Scanning electron microscopy of L. occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov. (female). 70. Frontal view of prosoma. 71. Detail of the chelicerae. 72. Dorsal view of epigynum. 73–75. Details of the setae and sockets on the legs. Abbreviations: ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye; BQ = basichelicera; CD= copulatory duct; F = fang; PLE= posterior lateral eye; PME= posterior median eye; Q= chelicerae; S = spermathecae.
Figs 49–60 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 49–60. Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov. Variation of the male left palps, prolateral views. 49–52. Quechultenango, Guerrero, Mexico. 53–56. Minatitlán, Colima, Mexico. 57– 60. Cocula, Jalisco, Mexico (type locality). Ventral view (49, 53, 57); retrolateral-frontal view (50, 54, 59); retrolateral view (51, 55, 59); posterior view (52, 56, 60). 49–56. Postcopulatory palps. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Figs 44–48 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 44–48. Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov., paratype, ♁ (CNAN-T01590), right palp. 44. Anterior view. 45. Dorsal view. 46. Ventral view, 47. Retrolateral view. 48). Prolateral view. Red arrows indicate the number of turns of the embolus. Abbreviations: C = conductor; Cb = conductor base; E = embolus; MA = median aphophysis; T = tegulum; TA = tegular aphophysis. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Figs 29–31 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 29–31. Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (CNAN-T01589). Epigynum, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, respectively. Dotted lines indicate genital opening (29) and copulatory ducts (30). Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; S= spermathecae. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Figs 25–28 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 25–28. Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov. 25–26. Holotype, ♀ (CNAN-T01589), dorsal and ventral habitus, respectively. 27–28. Paratype, ♁ (CNAN-T01590), dorsal and ventral habitus, respectively. Red arrow indicates coloration patterns. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figs 13–18 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 13–18. Live females (13–15) and males (16–18) of Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov. 13, 16. Salvatierra, Guanajuato, Mexico. 14. Camichines, Cocula, Jalisco, Mexico (type locality). 15. Hostotipaquillo, Jalisco, Mexico. 17. 1 km North of San Nicolás de Ibarra, Jalisco, Mexico. 18. "Las Letras", Pénjamo, Guanajuato, Mexico.Photographs 13, 16, 18 by Cabrera-Espinosa (2021). Photograph 14 by Navarro-Rogríguez I. (2021). Photograph 15 by Valdez-Mondragon A. Photograph 17 by Mamole in https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/126985294
Fig. 8 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Fig. 8. Comparison of variances (ANOVA) and medians (Kruskal-Wallis) of different structures analyzed under linear morphometry that show significant differences (p> 0.05) in males of three putative species of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 from Mexico.
Figs 11–12. 11 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 11–12. 11. Records and Species Distribution Model (SDM) of L. hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 for Mexico and the USA. 12. SDM of L. mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (red), L. occidentalis ValdezMondragón sp. nov. (yellow), and L. hesperus (purple) confined only to Mexico, showing a lack of overlap in their distributions, using the biogeographical provinces proposed by Morrone (2004, 2005, 2017). Abbreviations: BB = Balsas Basin; BC = Baja Californian; Ca = Californian; CD = Chihuahuan Desert; PL = Pacific Lowlands; SMO = Sierra Madre Oriental; SMOc = Sierra Madre Occidental: SMS = Sierra Madre del Sur; So = Sonoran; Ta = Tamaulipas; TVB = Transmexican Volcanic Belt; Ve = Veracruzan.
Fig. 7 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Fig. 7. Comparison of variances (ANOVA) and medians (Kruskal-Wallis) of different structures analyzed under linear morphometry that show significant differences (p> 0.05) in males of three putative species of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 from Mexico.
Figs 32–43 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 32–43. Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov. Variation of the seminal receptacles of females, dorsal view. 32–33. Cocula, Jalisco, Mexico (type locality). 34–35. Jilotitlán de los Dolores, Jalisco, Mexico. 36–37. Minatitlán, Colima, Mexico. 38–39. Coahuayana de Hidalgo, Michoacán, Mexico. 40–41. Quechultenango, Guerrero, Mexico. 42–43. Hostotipaquillo, Jalisco, Mexico. Dotted lines indicate genital opening. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Fig. 4. Haplotype network from CO1 data obtained with TCS using PopArt. Circles represents haplotypes found within each populations/species (squares) of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 in Mexico. Numbers on branches and between parenthesis indicate the number of mutations between haplotypes.
Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Fig. 2. Neighbour-Joining (NJ) tree constructed with p distances tree of with ITS2 barcode sequences from different specimens and species of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 from Mexico only. Branch and box colors indicate putative species. Percentages on branches represent bootstrap support values (> 60% significant). Letters beside groups are described and discussed in the text.
Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Fig. 3. Bayesian Inference tree (BI) constructed with the concatenated matrix (CO1 + ITS2) of barcode sequences of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 from Mexico. Branch colors indicate putative species and correspond to vertical bars, which represent different species delimitation methods used for their validation. Numbers below bars represent the number of species recovered in each species delimitation method (not considering the outgroup: L. bishopi): 1: Neighbor-Joining (NJ); 2: ASAP; 3: ABGD with initial partitions (IP); 4: ABGD with recursive partitions (RP); 5: GMYC; 6: bPTP with ML; 7: bPTP with IB; Numbers above branches are bootstrap support values under NJ (> 50% significant), number below branches are posterior probabilities (PP) support values under BI (> 95% significant).
Figs 76–81 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 76–81. Scanning electron microscopy of L. occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov. (male). 76. Frontal view of carapace. 77. Detail of distal part of the chelicera. 78–80. Right palp: prolateral, retrolateral, and dorsal views, respectively. 81. Ventral-apical view of the spinnerets. Abbreviations: ALE = anterior lateral eye; ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; AME = anterior median eye; BQ = basichelicera; C = conductor; Cb = conductor base; Cu = colulus; E = Embolus; F = fang; MA = median aphophysis; PLE= posterior lateral eye; PLS= posterior lateral spinneret; PME= posterior median eye; PMS = posterior median spinneret; Q = chelicera; T = tegulum; TA = tegular aphophysis.
Figs 61–69 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Figs 61–69. Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov. Variation of the dorsal and ventral pattern coloration of the abdomen of the females of Latrodectus occidentalis sp. nov. Dorsal, posterior, and ventral views respectively. 61–63. Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico. 64–66. Minatitlán, Colima, Mexico. 67–69. Cocula, Jalisco, Mexico (type locality). Red coloration pattern gets lost under ethanol. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic analyses and description of a new species of black widow spider of the genus Latrodectus Walckenaer (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Mexico; one or more species?
Fig. 1 (continued on next two pages). Neighbour–Joining (NJ) tree constructed with p distances of CO1 barcode sequences from different specimens and species of Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805. Colors in the branches indicate species (grey box), yellow branches indicate the new species (L. occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón sp. nov.). Abdomen dorsal and ventral patterns (numbers 1 and 2, respectively) and spermathecae and epigyna (numbers 3 and 4, respectively) of females are shown only for Mexican species. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support values (> 50% significant). Letters beside the groups are described and discussed in the text.
Data from: Prey or protection? Access to food alters individual responses to competition in black widow spiders
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Urban heat island conditions experienced by the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus): extreme heat slows development but results in behavioral accommodations
Herein lies data on urban h eat island conditions for black widow spiders across the CAP study area. It also includes data on the development speed and behavioral responses of spiders reared in the lab at these UHI temperatures. The urban heat island (UHI) effect describes the capture of heat by built structures (e.g. asphalt), resulting in elevated urban temperatures. The UHI is a well-studied phenomenon, but only a handful of studies have investigated trait-based shifts resulting from the UHI, and even fewer have attempted to quantify the magnitude of the UHI experienced at the microclimate scale. Here, using a common urban exploiter, the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus), we show that the UHI experienced by spiders in July in their urban Phoenix, AZ refuges is 6 degrees C hotter (33 degrees C) than conditions in the refuges of spiders from Sonoran Desert habitat outside of Phoenix-area development (27 degrees C). We then use this field microclimate UHI estimate to compare the development speed, mass gain and mortality of replicate siblings from 36 urban lineages reared at temperatures that reflect urban and desert habitats. We show that extreme heat is slowing the growth of spiderlings and increasing mortality. In contrast, we show that development of male spiders to their penultimate moult is accelerated by 2 weeks. Lastly, in terms of behavioral shifts, UHI temperatures caused late-stage juvenile male spiders to heighten their foraging voracity and late-stage juvenile female spiders to curtail their web-building behavior.
Black Widow Spider Antivenin for Patients With Systemic Latrodectism
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00657540. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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