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Body size variation in polyplacophoran mollusks: geographic clines and community structure along the Southeastern Pacific
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: To evaluate the latitudinal pattern of body size within and among chiton species employing phylogenetically structured analyses, and to examine the role of geographic variation in temperature, productivity and oxygen availability as potential environmental drivers.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Coastal habitats of the Southeastern Pacific along a latitudinal range of nearly 6,000 km, from the Equator to Patagonia (~ 2º to 56º S).</p> <p><strong>Time Period</strong>: Present (2011 – 2017).</p> <p><strong>Major taxa</strong>: 31 species of polyplacophoran mollusks.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We measured the body length of 6,162 individuals collected in 62 sites, and reconstructed the phylogeny of this group based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear gene regions. We combined this information with data of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration –as a proxy of primary productivity– and dissolved oxygen, and assessed which variables best explain the variation in size both within and among species employing phylogenetic generalised least squares (PGLS) and a model comparison approach.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Our analyses show that body size increases consistently with latitude, both within and among species, following Bergmann's rule. Variation in sea surface temperature along the latitudinal gradient provided a substantially better fit than chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen. Our results support the temperature-size rule for this lineage and suggest that similar processes could underlie the emergence of intra and interspecific gradients in body size of polyplacophorans. At the community level, chiton species richness was higher at intermediate latitudes and positively correlated with body size variation, suggesting that heterogeneity in size may reduce interspecific competition and contribute to species coexistence in this group. Overall, our study demonstrates that historical events, macroecological adaptive trends and local processes at the community level contribute to the distribution and size variation of polyplacophoran species along the Southeastern Pacific.</p>
Body size variation in polyplacophoran mollusks: geographic clines and community structure along the Southeastern Pacific
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Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Horseshoe crab body size cline
<p><strong>Aim</strong></p> <p>Adult body size often exhibits patterns across large-scale environmental gradients, creating ecogeographic clines. However, the form of body size clines varies across taxonomic groups, with linear and non-linear patterns in body size observed in nature. Non-linear body size clines have received less study, and questions remain about how environmental gradients interact to produce non-linear clines. We examined the body size of the American horseshoe crab (<em>Limulus</em> <em>polyphemus</em>), a widely distributed marine arthropod, and evaluated the hypothesis that temperature and active season length can interact multiplicatively to result in a dome-shaped distribution.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong></p> <p>Fourteen states in the United States of America and three Mexican states, representing the entire geographic range of the species.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>We compiled environmental data and body size measurements from more than 49,000 individual horseshoe crabs. For each location, we extracted from the literature or calculated from raw data the mean male prosoma width and the mean female prosoma width. We applied a General Additive Modeling (GAM) approach to characterize the body size cline, test a hypothesis regarding temperature and season length, and explore evidence for the influence of additional environmental factors.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Model results indicate temperature and season length could act multiplicatively to produce dome-shaped clines, and these findings align with and quantify previous anecdotal reports of a strong dome-shaped body size cline across latitude for horseshoe crabs.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong></p> <p>Active season length appears to become relatively more influential on horseshoe crab body size in the northern part of their range, while temperature effects per se appear to dominate in southern latitudes. For horseshoe crabs, the pattern of size variation is consistent with the predictions of Optimal Resource Allocation models, but more study is needed to elucidate mechanistic underpinnings. Considering climate change projections, results from our study suggest future shifts in horseshoe crab body sizes.</p>
Data from: Parallel effects of the inversion In(3R)Payne on body size across the North American and Australian clines in Drosophila melanogaster
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Horseshoe crab body size cline
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Fig 11 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 11 Nymphal development in G1 Locusta migratoria reared at LD 12:12 h (A) and LD 16:8 h (B) and the ratios of nymphal development at LD 16:8h to that at LD 12:12 h (C) plotted against the latitudes. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. N indicates sample size based on Suppl. material 1: table S9. **, p < 0.01.
Fig 10 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 10 Body weight of hatchlings from eggs laid by G0 and G1 Locusta migratoria females. Each N is based on 51–443 hatchlings (mean = 190.8). N indicates the number of populations (see Suppl. material 1: table S8). Correlations are insignificant at the 5% level.
Fig 9 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 9 Numbers of ovarioles in field-collected and lab-reared Locusta migratoria females plotted against the latitudes (A), generations (B), and head widths of females of the parental generation, (C) and the proportions of functional ovarioles (no. of eggs / no. of ovarioles) plotted against the latitudes in field-collected females (D). **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001. G0, field-collected generation; G1, 1st lab-reared generation; G2, 2nd lab-reared generation. Mean numbers of ovarioles (± SD) among generations in (B) are compared with the Tukey's multiple comparison test. Different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% level. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S6.
Fig 6 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 6 Geographic variation in head widths of Locusta migratoria adults reared at LD 12:12 h or LD 16:8 h (30°C) in the first 3 laboratory generations. Red and green symbols showing means per cage indicate females and males, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S3.
Fig 13 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 13 The growth efficiencies, as determined by adult head width/duration of nymphal development, plotted against the latitudes (A) and correlation between adult head widths of G0 and growth efficiencies of G1 at LD 12:12 h (B) or LD 16:8 h (C) in Locusta migratoria. N indicates sample sizes. **; p < 0.01; ***, p< 0.0001. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. In (A) the quadrat equation is y = -0.0003x2 + 0.0248x - 0.1684 in females and y = -0.0003x2 + 0.0248x - 0.1684 in males. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S9, S10.
Fig 14 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 14 F/C (hind femur length / head width) and E/F (forewing length/hind femur length) ratios of Locusta migratoria adults collected in the field (G0) and those reared at LD 12:12 h (G1–G3). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Symbols in (A) and (E) indicate the mean of each population and those in (B–D, F–H) indicate the mean of individuals per cage. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3. *, p < 0.05; **; p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.0001.
Fig 3 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 3 Geographic variation in head widths (mean ± SD) of Locusta migratoria adults collected at various latitudes. Top and bottom diagrams illustrate the phylogenetic origin (Tokuda et al. 2010) and number of generations per year (as shown in Fig. 2). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. r indicates the correlation coefficient within each zone (see Suppl. material 1: table S3). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.
Fig 1 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 1 Collection sites of Locusta migratoria in Japan. Numbers indicate the sites where locusts were collected. For the names of the sites, see Suppl. material 1: table S1.
Fig 16 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 16 Relationships between male and female head widths of field-collected Locusta migratoria adults. The dashed line indicates similar body sizes of both sexes. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.
Fig 8 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 8 Relationships between numbers of eggs per pod, egg pod widths, and head widths of Locusta migratoria female parents collected in the field. *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001. Orange and white symbols indicate populations of the north and south clades, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S5.
Fig 2 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 2 Diagram showing compositions of Locusta migratoria populations with 1, 2 and 3 or more generations per year based on various sources (H. Tanaka 1982, Hakomori and Tanaka 1992, Tanaka 1994, Shimizu et al. 2012, Tanaka 2022).
Fig 15 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 15 Changes in mean F/C (hind femur length/head width) and E/F (forewing length/hind femur length) ratios of adults across generations in Locusta migratoria. Sample sizes in G0–3 are 29, 30, 27 and 26 in (A) and (C) and 29, 31, 24 and 19 in (B) and (D). Locusts were reared in a group in G1–G3 at 30°C under LD12:12h or LD 16:8h. White and gray histograms indicate females and males, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences in mean values with the Steel-Dwass test (p < 0.05). Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3.
Fig 12 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 12 Relationships between lengths of nymphal development and adult head width in G1 Locusta migratoria reared at LD12:12 h (A) and LD 16:8 h (B). Correlations are insignificant at the 5% level. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Each symbol indicates the mean of each population based on Suppl. material 1: table S10.
Fig 4 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 4 Head widths (mean ± SD) of field-collected Locusta migratoria adults plotted against the annual mean temperatures at the collection sites. Top diagrams show the phylogenetic origin (Tokuda et al. 2010). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.
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