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Fig. 3 in Breeding Ecology Of The Pied Avocet, Recurvirostra Avosetta (Charadriformes, Recurvirostidae) In Tiffech Lake (Souk Ahras, Northeastern Algeria)

Fig. 3. Distribution of egg laying dates in Pied Avocet colony at Tiffech Lake during the 2017 breeding season (N 23).

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It is good to be average: Ecological correlates of breeding phenology in an Arctic seabird, Alle alle (Dovekie)

<p>Recognising importance of deviation from a population mean in an animal's behavior is not only necessary to understand the evolution and stability of the whole system but also to predict the future of a population in an altering environment. Arctic seabirds are expected to exhibit high synchronization in timing of breeding at the population level, due to highly seasonal and harsh environmental conditions. Nevertheless, even in such a highly synchronized system, there are always some earlier and later breeders, and what causes this inter-pair variation remains an intriguing question. Using a set of eight years of data on the dovekie (<em>Alle alle</em>), a small Arctic seabird, we examined potential drivers of the observed distribution of breeding phenology. We found that dovekie pairs were quite repeatable in their phenology, and preserved their phenological status, with their chicks hatching consistently before, during, or after the population median date for hatching, despite that calendar position of the median shifted between years. This would suggest that the timing of breeding is associated with some pair characteristics, either via properties of the nest or/and some partners traits. However, breeding phenology of the pair was not dependent on nest location, neither pair bond duration nor morphological similarity of the partners. Importantly, timing of breeding was negatively associated with chick growth rate, indicating fitness consequences of phenology. Our simulation further suggests that chance of fledgling survival in the context of predation may be the highest for the chicks that hatched during the peak of hatching period. While our results suggest that the timing of the breeding is important for the reproductive outcome, further research is required to determine the drivers of the repeatability within the dovekie pairs.</p>

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Fig. 6 in Larval development and breeding ecology of Ziegler's Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen, 2013 (Caudata: Salamandridae), compared to other Tylototriton representatives

Fig. 6. Tylototriton ziegleri larvae from Bao Lac district, Cao Bang Province with indication of the corresponding developmental stage and scale. Photographs of stages 27 to 36 are from preserved eggs photographed under a digital microscope (photos C. Michel) and photographs of stages 44 and 45 are from individuals in life kept at the Me Linh station (photos T. Ziegler).

Fig. 4 in Larval development and breeding ecology of Ziegler's Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen, 2013 (Caudata: Salamandridae), compared to other Tylototriton representatives

Fig. 4. Drawing of a formol-preserved larva of Tylototriton ziegleri at stage 35. Drawing C. Michel.

Fig. 2 in Larval development and breeding ecology of Ziegler's Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen, 2013 (Caudata: Salamandridae), compared to other Tylototriton representatives

Fig. 2. Percentage of the number of adults of Tylototriton vietnamensis and T. ziegleri found at each interval of percentage of canopy cover measured above the water of the breeding site.

Fig. 5 in Larval development and breeding ecology of Ziegler's Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen, 2013 (Caudata: Salamandridae), compared to other Tylototriton representatives

Fig. 5. Metamorph of Tylototriton ziegleri at stage 44, with an additional finger on left hand, collected in Ha Giang Province in 2012 and preserved in ethanol. Photo M. Bernardes.

Fig. 1. A in Larval development and breeding ecology of Ziegler's Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen, 2013 (Caudata: Salamandridae), compared to other Tylototriton representatives

Fig. 1. A. Adult male of Tylototriton ziegleri; B. Habitat type in Bao Lac district, Cao Bang Province; C. Adult male of Tylototriton vietnamensis; D. Habitat type in Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve, Bac Giang Province. Photos M. Bernardes.

Fig. 7 in Larval development and breeding ecology of Ziegler's Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen, 2013 (Caudata: Salamandridae), compared to other Tylototriton representatives

Fig. 7. Dark and light phenotypic variations of Tylototriton vietnamensis found at the type locality. Photo M. Bernardes.

Fig. 3. A in Larval development and breeding ecology of Ziegler's Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen, 2013 (Caudata: Salamandridae), compared to other Tylototriton representatives

Fig. 3. A: Typical clutch of Tylototriton ziegleri composed by single eggs; B: an exceptional case of "stickiness" where eggs were aggregated in groups of 2–4. Photos M. Bernardes.

Fig. 9 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 9. Habitat of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900). Left. Submontane rainforest in Kaieteur National Park at ca 630 m elevation. Right. Montane rainforest on the slopes of Maringma-tepui, Guyana at ca 1376 m elevation. Photographs by PJRK.

Fig. 8 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 8. Vocalization of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900); oscillogram and spectrogram obtained using Seewave v. 1.6.4 in R. Spectrogram (top) and oscillogram (below) of one call of IRSNB 14472 from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana. Call recorded at a temperature of 24°C.

Fig. 6. A in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 6. A. Guzmania cf. sphaeroidea (André) André ex Mez, an arboreal bromeliad species used as egg deposition site by Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) in the Wokomung Massif. B. Egg clutch of Pristimantis marmoratus deposited on a leaf of the arboreal bromeliad Guzmania cf. sphaeroidea in the Wokomung Massif. C. Egg clutch of Anomaloglossus beebei (Noble, 1923) (white arrow) deposited in the phytotelmata of the same plant as in B. D. Dorsolateral view of IRSNB 17916, 11.3 mm SVL, a juvenile of P. marmoratus collected on the slopes of Maringma-tepui, Guyana. Photographs A–C by DBM, D by PJRK.

Fig. 5 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 5. Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900). Intraspecific variation in dorsal (top) and ventral (below) colour patterns in preserved specimens. Photographs by PJRK.

Fig. 4 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 4. Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (four individuals at the top) and P. pulvinatus (Rivero, 1968) (two individuals below). Intraspecific variation in dorsal colour pattern and sexual dimorphism in living specimens. Note: the subtle hint of green visible on the lower body and legs of some specimens of P. marmoratus is due to a reflection of the substrate (green leaf). Photographs by PJRK, except the uncollected P. pulvinatus, which is by CBA.

Fig. 3 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 3. Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900). Ventral view of left hand and left foot of a male (top), and ventral view of right hand and right foot of a female (below), both from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana. Photographs by PJRK.

Fig. 2 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 2. Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900). Preserved adult ♂, holotype (BMNH 1947.2.16.92). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Dorsolateral view. Grid squares = 5 mm. Photographs by PJRK.

Fig. 10 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 10. Phylogenetic relationships within the Pristimantis "unistrigatus group" in the Guiana Shield as recovered in the MrBayes analysis (438 bp of the 16S rRNA gene sequence). Values at each node represent statistical support (* = 0.99 or 1). Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) is highlighted in red.

Fig. 1 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 1. Map of the Eastern Pantepui District showing the known distribution of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900). Red dots denote localities of confirmed occurrence based either on museum specimens or colour photographs.

Fig. 7 in Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 7. Vocalization of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900); oscillograms and spectrograms obtained using Raven v. 1.4. A. Oscillogram (top) and spectrogram (below) of three calls of IRSNB 14472 from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana (ca 16 s recording). B. Expanded oscillogram (top) and spectrogram (below) of one call of IRSNB 14471 from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana. C. Expanded oscillogram (top) and spectrogram (below) of one call of IRSNB 14472 from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana. Calls recorded at a temperature of 24°C.