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63 results for “breeding phenology”
Effects of pair migratory behaviour on breeding phenology and success in a partially migratory shorebird population
<p>In migratory systems, variation in individual phenology can arise through differences in individual migratory behaviours, and this may be particularly apparent in partial migrant systems, where migrant and resident individuals are present within the same population. Links between breeding phenology and migratory behaviour or success are generally investigated at the individual level. However, for breeding phenology in particular, the migratory behaviours of each member of the pair may need to be considered simultaneously, as breeding phenology will likely be constrained by timing of the pair member that arrives last, and carry-over effects on breeding success may vary depending on whether pair members share the same migratory behaviour or not. We used tracking of marked individuals and monitoring of breeding success from a partially migrant population of Eurasian oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) breeding in Iceland to test whether (a) breeding phenology varied with pair migratory behaviour; (b) within-pair consistency in timing of laying differed among pair migratory behaviours; and (c) reproductive performance varied with pair migratory behaviour, timing of laying and year. We found that annual variation in timing of laying differed among pair migratory behaviours, with resident pairs being more consistent than migrant and mixed pairs, and migrant/mixed pairs breeding earlier than residents in most years but later in one (unusually cold) year. Pairs that laid early were more likely to replace their clutch after nest loss, had higher productivity and higher fledging success, independent of pair migratory behaviour. Our study suggests that the links between individual migratory behaviour and reproductive success can vary over time and, to a much lesser extent, with mate migratory behaviour and can be mediated by differences in laying dates. Understanding these cascading effects of pair phenology on breeding success is likely to be key to predicting the impact of changing environmental conditions on migratory species.</p>
Data from: Breeding phenology drives variation in reproductive output, reproductive costs and offspring fitness in a viviparous ectotherm
<p>Phenological advances are a widespread response to global warming and can contribute to determine the climate vulnerability of organisms, particularly in ectothermic species which are highly dependent on ambient temperatures to complete their life cycle. Yet, the relative contribution of breeding dates and temperature conditions during gestation on fitness of females and their offspring is poorly documented in reptiles. Here, we exposed females of the common lizard <em>Zootoca vivipara </em>to contrasting thermal scenarios (cold versus hot treatment) during gestation and quantified effects of parturition dates and thermal treatment on life-history traits of females and their offspring for one year. Overall, our results suggest that parturition date has a greater impact than thermal conditions during gestation on life history strategies. In particular, we found positive effects of an earlier parturition date on juvenile survival, growth and recruitment suggesting that environmental dependent selection and/or differences in parental quality between early and late breeders underlie seasonal changes in offspring fitness. Yet, an earlier parturition date compromised the energetic condition of gravid females, which suggests the existence of a mother-offspring conflict regarding the optimisation of parturition dates. While numerous studies focused on the direct effects of alterations in incubation temperatures on reptile life-history traits, our results highlight the importance of considering the role of breeding phenology in assessing the short- and long-term effects of thermal developmental plasticity.</p>
It is good to be average: Ecological correlates of breeding phenology in an Arctic seabird, Alle alle (Dovekie)
<p>Recognising importance of deviation from a population mean in an animal's behavior is not only necessary to understand the evolution and stability of the whole system but also to predict the future of a population in an altering environment. Arctic seabirds are expected to exhibit high synchronization in timing of breeding at the population level, due to highly seasonal and harsh environmental conditions. Nevertheless, even in such a highly synchronized system, there are always some earlier and later breeders, and what causes this inter-pair variation remains an intriguing question. Using a set of eight years of data on the dovekie (<em>Alle alle</em>), a small Arctic seabird, we examined potential drivers of the observed distribution of breeding phenology. We found that dovekie pairs were quite repeatable in their phenology, and preserved their phenological status, with their chicks hatching consistently before, during, or after the population median date for hatching, despite that calendar position of the median shifted between years. This would suggest that the timing of breeding is associated with some pair characteristics, either via properties of the nest or/and some partners traits. However, breeding phenology of the pair was not dependent on nest location, neither pair bond duration nor morphological similarity of the partners. Importantly, timing of breeding was negatively associated with chick growth rate, indicating fitness consequences of phenology. Our simulation further suggests that chance of fledgling survival in the context of predation may be the highest for the chicks that hatched during the peak of hatching period. While our results suggest that the timing of the breeding is important for the reproductive outcome, further research is required to determine the drivers of the repeatability within the dovekie pairs.</p>
Effects of pair migratory behaviour on breeding phenology and success in a partially migratory shorebird population
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It is good to be average: Ecological correlates of breeding phenology in an Arctic seabird, Alle alle (Dovekie)
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Multidimensional plasticity of phenology: Assessing the effects of population density on plastic responses of breeding time to temperature
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Data from: Understanding the social dynamics of breeding phenology: indirect genetic effects and assortative mating in a long distance migrant
Phenological traits, such as the timing of reproduction, are often influenced by social interactions between paired individuals. Such partner effects may occur when pair members affect each other's pre-breeding environment. Partner effects can be environmentally and/or genetically determined, and quantifying direct and indirect genetic effects is important for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of phenological traits. Here, using 26 years of data from a pedigreed population of a migratory seabird, the common tern ( Sterna hirundo ), we investigate male and female effects on female laying date. We find that female laying date harbors both genetic and environmental variation, and is additionally influenced by the environmental, and, to a lower extent, genetic, component of her mate. We demonstrate this partner effect to be largely explained by male arrival date. Interestingly, analyses of mating patterns with respect to arrival date show mating to be strongly assortative and, using simulations, we show that this assortative mating for arrival date leads to overestimation of partner effects. Our study provides evidence for partner effects on breeding phenology in a long distance migrant, while uncovering the potential causal pathways underlying the observed effects and raising awareness for confounding effects due to assortative mating or other common environmental effects.
Data from: Mid-winter temperatures, not spring temperatures, predict breeding phenology in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
In many species, empirical data suggest that temperatures less than 1 month before breeding strongly influence laying date, consistent with predictions that short lag times between cue and response are more reliable, decreasing the chance of mismatch with prey. Here we show in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) that mid-winter temperature ca 50–90 days before laying (8 January–22 February) strongly (r2 = 0.89) predicts annual variation in laying date. Mid-winter temperature also correlated highly with relative clutch size: birds laid later, but laid larger clutches, in years when mid-winter temperatures were lower. Despite a high degree of breeding synchrony (mean laying date 5–13 April = ±4 days; 80% of nests laid within 4.8 days within year), European starlings show strong date-dependent variation in clutch size and productivity, but this appears to be mediated by a different temporal mechanism for integration of supplemental cue (temperature) information. We suggest the relationship between mid-winter temperature and breeding phenology might be indirect with both components correlating with a third factor: temperature-dependent development of the starling's insect (tipulid) prey. Mid-winter temperatures might set the trajectory of growth and final biomass of tipulid larvae, with this temperature cue providing starlings with information on breeding season prey availability (though exactly how remains unknown).
Data from: Rethinking 'normal': the role of stochasticity in the phenology of a synchronously breeding seabird
1. Phenological changes have been observed in a variety of systems over the past century. There is concern that, as a consequence, ecological interactions are becoming increasingly mismatched in time, with negative consequences for ecological function. 2. Significant spatial heterogeneity (inter-site) and temporal variability (inter-annual) can make it difficult to separate intrinsic, extrinsic, and stochastic drivers of phenological variability. The goal of this study was to understand the timing and variability of breeding phenology of Adélie penguins under fixed environmental conditions, and to use those data to identify a 'null model' appropriate for disentangling the sources of variation in wild populations. 3. Data on clutch initiation were collected from both wild and captive populations of Adélie penguins. Clutch initiation in the captive population was modeled as a function of year, individual, and age to better understand phenological patterns observed in the wild population. 4. Captive populations displayed as much inter-annual variability in breeding phenology as wild populations, suggesting that variability in breeding phenology is the norm and thus may be an unreliable indicator of environmental forcing. The distribution of clutch initiation dates was found to be moderately asymmetric (right skewed) both in the wild and in captivity, consistent with the pattern expected under social facilitation. 5. The role of stochasticity in phenological processes has heretofore been largely ignored. However, these results suggest that inter-annual variability in breeding phenology can arise independent of any environmental or demographic drivers and that synchronous breeding can enhance inherent stochasticity. This complicates efforts to relate phenological variation to environmental variability in the wild. Accordingly, we must be careful to consider random forcing in phenological processes, lest we fit models to data dominated by random noise. This is particularly true for colonial species where breeding synchrony may outweigh each individual's effort to time breeding with optimal environmental conditions. Our study highlights the importance of identifying appropriate null models for studying phenology.
Territory-level temperature influences breeding phenology and reproductive output in three forest passerine birds
<p>Temperature plays an important role in determining the breeding phenology of birds in temperate climates, with higher spring temperatures associated with earlier breeding. However, the effect of localised territory-scale temperature variations is poorly understood, with relationships between temperature and breeding phenology mostly studied using coarse-grained climatic indices. Here, we interpolate spring temperatures recorded at 150 m2 grid intersections encompassing 417 ha of forest to examine the influence of territory-scale temperature, and its interaction with mean annual temperature, on territory selection, breeding phenology, clutch size and fledging success for three co-occurring single-brooded passerine birds using data from 672 nests over four years. All species exhibited significant trends in reproductive traits associated with territory-scale temperature. Pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca settled in cooler territories first, where they raised more fledglings. Blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus laid larger clutches in warmer territories in warm years and always laid earlier at warmer territories irrespective of annual temperature variation. Contrastingly, pied flycatcher and wood warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix breeding phenology was earlier at warmer territories in cool years and cooler territories in warm years, with wood warbler clutch size responding similarly to this interaction. Greater previous breeding experience and increased higher rates of historical territory occupancy (territory quality) also predicted earlier breeding phenology and higher fledging success for pied flycatchers. We suggest that the migratory pied flycatcher and wood warbler are best synchronised with their prey availability in cooler years at a local population level. However resident blue tits match local phenology across all years, which is potentially advantageous under warmer predicted climate change scenarios. We conclude that temperature at the territory scale can be an important driver of settlement and breeding phenology and influence reproductive traits.</p>
Data from: Interannual consistency of migration phenology is season- and breeding region-specific in North American Golden Eagles
<p class="MsoNormal">Avian migrants can adjust the time they depart for migration and arrive at their destination (i.e. phenology) based on environmental conditions, the period of the annual cycle, and the distance of migration. Our study shows that interannual consistency (an indicator of the strength of adjustments) in migration schedule of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in North America was greatest in boreal spring migration and the breeding regions of eastern Canada, suggesting that migration schedule is partly environmentally driven. Using multi-year GPS tracks of 83 adults breeding in three spatially distant regions (Alaska, northeast Canada, and southeast Canada), we quantified the interannual consistency of migration timing with variations within individuals tracked across multiple years and among-individuals and repeatability (r) of migration schedule, duration, and wintering latitude by breeding regions and seasons. By comparing regions and seasons, we found that consistency was highest (r > 0.85) for the schedule of the boreal spring migration in eastern Canada while Alaska had the lowest value (r < 0.15). Since seasonal consistency of migration schedule was only detected in eastern Canada, we conclude that seasonal features are not the main constraint on consistency of migration schedule. While regional differences in consistency were not related to differences in migratory distances, they could be the result of genetic or habitat differences. We also found that warmer temperatures than the decadal average at the region of departure delayed the start of boreal spring migration by ~10 days and advanced boreal autumn migration by ~20 days. It suggests that warmer temperatures would reduce residence time on breeding grounds, which is contrary to expectations and trends found in other studies. Wide variations in migratory strategies across a species distribution can add to the lists of challenges for conservation yet such variations can give migrants the capacity to acclimate to environmental changes.</p>
From individual to population level: Temperature and snow cover modulate fledging success through breeding phenology in Greylag geese (Anser anser)
<p>Local weather conditions may be used as environmental cues by animals to optimize their breeding behaviour, and could be affected by climate change. We measured associations between climate, breeding phenology, and reproductive output in greylag geese (<i>Anser anser</i>) across 29 years (1990-2018). The birds are individually marked, which allows accurate long-term monitoring of life-history parameters for all pairs within the flock. We had three aims: (1) identify climate patterns at a local scale in Upper Austria, (2) measure the association between climate and greylag goose breeding phenology, and (3) measure the relationship between climate and both clutch size and fledging success. Ambient temperature increased 2°C across the 29-years study period, and higher winter temperature was associated with earlier onset of egg-laying. Using the hatch-fledge ratio, average annual temperature was the strongest predictor for the proportion of fledged goslings per season. There is evidence for an optimum time window for egg-laying (the earliest and latest eggs laid had the lowest fledging success). These findings broaden our understanding of environmental effects and population-level shifts which could be associated with increased ambient temperature and can thus inform future research about the ecological consequences of climate changes and reproductive output in avian systems.</p>
Data from: phenology and environmental determinants of explosive breeding in gliding treefrogs: diel timing of rainfall matters
<p>The influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the temporal pattern of calling and breeding for many temperate anurans is well understood. However, few studies have documented patterns of reproduction in explosive-breeding tropical frogs or incorporated multiple environmental factors in their analyses, especially across multiple breeding seasons. We combine long-term natural history observations and automated data collection methods with boosted regression tree (BRT) analysis to determine the phenology and determinants of explosive breeding in the gliding treefrog, <em>Agalychnis spurrelli</em>. We monitored breeding for a total of 418 days across three breeding seasons and determined the relative importance of several environmental factors on the probability of calling and breeding activity. Our study population of A. spurrelli on Costa Rica's Osa Peninsula forms breeding aggregations up to 11 times per year during 1–2-day long explosive-breeding events, from late May to mid-September. Calling and breeding activity are strongly and positively related to accumulated rainfall during the previous 24 and 48–24 hours before, particularly rainfall during the afternoon and evening. Day-of-year, days since breeding occurred, and lunar phase also influence reproductive activity. This study provides the first description and analysis of the phenology and factors that predict explosive breeding in <em>A. spurrelli </em>and illustrates the value of using automated data collection paired with BRTs for analysis of complex ecological data.</p>
Data from: Mid-winter temperatures, not spring temperatures, predict breeding phenology in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
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Data from: Rethinking ‘normal’: the role of stochasticity in the phenology of a synchronously breeding seabird
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Data from: Understanding the social dynamics of breeding phenology: indirect genetic effects and assortative mating in a long distance migrant
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Data from: Interannual consistency of migration phenology is season- and breeding region-specific in North American Golden Eagles
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Breeding phenology and postnatal development data of northern bats (Eptesicus nilssonii)
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Territory-level temperature influences breeding phenology and reproductive output in three forest passerine birds
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Data from: phenology and environmental determinants of explosive breeding in gliding treefrogs: diel timing of rainfall matters
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