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50 results for “breeding stage”
Data from: The scope and adaptive value of modulating aggression across breeding stages: Case study in a competitive female songbird
<p><span><span>In seasonally breeding animals, costs and benefits of territorial aggression should vary over time; however, little work thus far has directly examined the scope and adaptive value of individual-level plasticity in aggression across breeding stages. We explore these issues using </span><span>the tree swallow (</span></span><em><span><span>Tachycineta bicolor</span></span></em><span><span>), a bird species in which females compete for limited nesting sites</span> <span>before producing a single brood. We measured the aggressiveness of nearly 100 females within three different stages: (1) shortly after territory-establishment, (2) during early incubation, and (3) while caring for young chicks. </span></span><span><span>We used k-means clustering to categorize females into four distinct plasticity 'types' based on the timing, direction, and magnitude of their changes in aggression between stages. We then tested whether plasticity type and stage-specific aggression </span><span>vary</span><span> with </span><span>key</span><span> performance metrics.</span></span><span><span> Two of the four</span> <span>plasticity</span><span> types became less aggressive </span><span>across consecutive breeding stages</span><span>, consistent with population-level patterns, though these plasticity types </span><span>largely </span><span>did not differ from one another in survival or reproductive success</span></span><span><span>. A third type was characterized by high levels of among-stage plasticity</span><span>; </span><span>these females</span><span>, </span><span>had </span><span>significantly </span><span>lower body mass while parenting, </span><span>tended to hatch fewer eggs,</span> <span>and </span><span>had the lowest observed </span><span>overwinter survival </span><span>rates</span><span>. </span><span>A final type exhibited </span><span>limited</span><span> plasticity, with moderate to low levels of aggression </span><span>in all stages; </span><span>this low plasticity </span><span>-</span><span> low aggression phenotype</span><span> was not associated </span><span>with any </span><span>negative</span> <span>effects to </span><span>performance</span><span>.</span> <span>These</span><span> results reveal substantial among-individual variation in behavioral plasticity, which may reflect diverse solutions to trade-offs between current reproduction and future survival.</span></span></p>
Figure 5 in Husbandry, captive breeding, larval development and stages of the Malayan horned frog Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae)
Figure 5. Megophrys nasuta larvae in stages 18 to 22; blue color is caused by the blue cellular material at the aquarium ground / background while taking photographs. Photos: R. Bach, T. Ziegler, D. Karbe.
Figure 2 in Husbandry, captive breeding, larval development and stages of the Malayan horned frog Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae)
Figure 2. Megophrys nasuta at the amphibian breeding unit at the Cologne Zoo a) calling male, b) couple in ampleXus during egg deposition, c) embryos, and d) hatched larvae with yolk sacs. Photos: D. Karbe, A. Heidrich, T. Ziegler.
Figure 8 in Is there a chance for conservation breeding? Ex situ management, reproduction, and early life stages of the Harlequin toad Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
Figure 8. Individual recognition of a male Atelopus flavescens based on color pattern, but note the change in color (photographs taken 12 July 2009 and 31 July 2011, respectively). Photographs by D. Karbe.
Figure 7 in Is there a chance for conservation breeding? Ex situ management, reproduction, and early life stages of the Harlequin toad Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
Figure 7. Color patterns of Atelopus flavescens at the amphibian breeding unit at the Cologne Zoo: Four females (above) and males (below) in ventral and dorsal views. Photographs by D. Karbe.
Figure 6 in Is there a chance for conservation breeding? Ex situ management, reproduction, and early life stages of the Harlequin toad Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
Figure 6. Total length (mm) of larger tadpole of Atelopus flavescens from first clutch in relation to age in days; water temperature 22-24 °C.
Figure 4 in Is there a chance for conservation breeding? Ex situ management, reproduction, and early life stages of the Harlequin toad Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
Figure 4. Hatched larvae of Atelopus flavescens (from first egg deposition): (A) - (B) hatchlings at Gosner stage 20 (13 December 2010), (C) lateral view of tadpole at stages 24-25 (27 December 2010, 22 days after egg deposition), (D) ventral view of tadpole at stage 25 (3 January 2011, 29 days after egg deposition). Photographs by D. Karbe.
Figure 3 in Is there a chance for conservation breeding? Ex situ management, reproduction, and early life stages of the Harlequin toad Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
Figure 3. First clutch of Atelopus flavescens at the amphibian breeding unit at the Cologne Zoo: (A) freshly deposited spawn under water surface on stones or filamentous algae (5 to 6 December 2010), (B) cream-colored eggs one day after deposition (6 December 2010), (C) developing embryos at Gosner stage <18 (9 December 2010), (D) embryos at stage 19 (10 December 2010). Photographs by D. Karbe.
Figure 2 in Is there a chance for conservation breeding? Ex situ management, reproduction, and early life stages of the Harlequin toad Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
Figure 2. Atelopus flavescens at the amphibian breeding unit at the Cologne Zoo: (A) adult male, (B) calling male, and (C) couple in amplexus. Photograph (A) (B) by T. Ziegler and (C) by D. Karbe.
Figure 1 in Is there a chance for conservation breeding? Ex situ management, reproduction, and early life stages of the Harlequin toad Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
Figure 1. Atelopus flavescens terraria in the amphibian breeding unit at the Cologne Zoo from different perspectives (A) - (D); both terraria have artificial streams in the foreground. Photographs by D. Karbe.
Figure 5 in Is there a chance for conservation breeding? Ex situ management, reproduction, and early life stages of the Harlequin toad Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
Figure 5. Tadpoles of Atelopus flavescens: (A) ventral view of larva at Gosner stage 28 (22 February 2011, 79 days after egg deposition; from first clutch; larger larva), (B) lateral view of tadpole at stages 34-36 (22 April 2011, 96 days after egg deposition; from second clutch), (C) ventral view of tadpole at stage 41 (26 April 2011, 100 days after egg deposition; from second clutch), (D) tadpole at stage 42 (15 April 2011, 131 days after egg deposition; smaller larva). Photographs by D. Karbe.
Figure 1 in Husbandry, captive breeding, larval development and stages of the Malayan horned frog Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae)
Figure 1. Megophrys nasuta enclosures in the amphibian breeding unit at the Cologne Zoo: a) terrarium of the adults, b) rearing tank for larvae at early developmental stages, c) aquaria for advanced larval stages, and d) rearing terraria for juveniles. Photos: D. Karbe.
Figure 7 in The early stages and breeding sites of four rare saproxylic hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Spain
Figure 7. Typical Mallota-shaped puparium of M. dusmeti, lacking the detachable thoracic plate and the drawomitted long tail in lateral view, with head to the left. Scale bar: 4 mm.
Figures 8, 9 in The early stages and breeding sites of four rare saproxylic hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Spain
Figures 8, 9. Head skeletons in lateral view. (8) Mallota dusmeti. (9) Myolepta difformis. Scale bar: 1.2 mm.
Figures 3–6 in The early stages and breeding sites of four rare saproxylic hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Spain
Figures 3–6. Closely related Ferdinandea species posterior respiratory processes (prp) showing the tube sculpture and the spiracular plate, in dorsal and apical views, respectively. (3, 4) Ferdinandea cuprea. (5, 6) Ferdinandea fumipennis. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figures 1, 2 in The early stages and breeding sites of four rare saproxylic hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Spain
Figures 1, 2. Mandibular sclerite detail from closely related Ferdinandea species head skeletons in lateral view. (1) Ferdinandea cuprea. (2) Ferdinandea fumipennis. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figures 14–17 in The early stages and breeding sites of four rare saproxylic hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Spain
Figures 14–17. Myolepta spp. SEMs. (14) M. difformis anterior spiracle. (15) M. difformis pupal spiracle in dorsal view. (16) M. difformis prp apical end showing laterally the spiracular plate and setae (notice the white patches, always coating extensively Myolepta species puparia). (17) M. obscura prp showing remains of the typical Myolepta white coating (dorsal view). Scale and other photo data are shown at the bottom of each figure.
Figures 10–13 in The early stages and breeding sites of four rare saproxylic hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Spain
Figures 10–13. Mallota dusmeti SEMs. (10) Posterior end of the puparium showing the diagnostic conspicuous projections on the lateral ridges (ventral view). (11) Anterior spiracle (both were damaged in the unique available specimen). (12) Pupal spiracle in dorso-lateral view. (13) Detail of pupal spiracle surface. Scale and other photo data are shown at the bottom of each figure.
Data from: The scope and adaptive value of modulating aggression across breeding stages: Case study in a competitive female songbird
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 4 in Husbandry, captive breeding, larval development and stages of the Malayan horned frog Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae)
Figure 4. Megophrys nasuta larvae in stages 25 to 45. Drawings: M. Wildenhues.
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