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57 results for “brine”
Changing Brine Inputs into Hydrothermal Fluids: Southern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge
<p>In 2016 temperature recorders were recovered, temperatures were measured, and fluid samples were collected from Vent 1, a high temperature (338°C) hydrothermal discharge site on the southern Cleft Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Coupled with previous sampling efforts, this collection represents a 32-year record of discharge from a single chimney structure, the longest record to date. Remarkably, the fluid has remained brine-dominated for more than three decades. This brine formed during phase separation and segregation prior to initial observations in 1984. Although the chloride concentration of the discharging fluid has decreased with time, the fluid temperature has remained nearly constant for at least 3.3 years and probably for 15 or even 22 years. Compositions of the discharging fluids are consistent with inputs from a deep-sourced brine, which was last equilibrated at >400° C at a depth consistent with the base of the sheeted dikes and the brittle-ductile transition. This brine mixed (diffusion or dispersion) with a likely non-phase-separated, hydrothermal fluid prior to discharge. A survey of hydrothermal endmember fluids with chlorinities in excess of 700 mmol/kg shows, with the exception of Fe, a single trend between major ion concentrations and chlorinity even though data are from a range of crustal compositions, spreading rates, and water and magma depths. Calculated deep-sourced brines from hydrothermal fluid data are similar to data based on fluid inclusions and estimates of brine assimilation in magmas. A better understanding of brines is required given their potential duration of discharge and capacity for mobilizing metals.</p> <p>The data in the attached 10 tables represent the supplemental data in a paper published in <em>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</em>. The data include temperature data from long-term records, chemical data from hydrothermal effluent from Vent 1 on the Cleft Segment, sediment data, and sulfide chimney data.</p>
Recovery of Lithium Carbonate from Dilute Li-Rich Brine via Homogenous and Heterogeneous Precipitation
<p>An extensive experimental campaign on Li recovery<br> from relatively dilute LiCl solutions (i.e., Li+ ∼ 4000 ppm) is<br> presented to identify the best operating conditions for a Li2CO3<br> crystallization unit. Lithium is currently mainly produced via solar<br> evaporation, purification, and precipitation from highly concentrated<br> Li brines located in a few world areas. The process requires<br> large surfaces and long times (18−24 months) to concentrate Li+<br> up to 20,000 ppm. The present work investigates two separation<br> routes to extract Li+ from synthetic solutions, mimicking those<br> obtained from low-content Li+ sources through selective Li+<br> separation and further concentration steps: (i) addition of<br> Na2CO3 solution and (ii) addition of NaOH solution + CO2<br> insufflation. A Li recovery up to 80% and purities up to 99% at 80<br> °C and with high-ionic strength solutions was achieved employing NaOH solution + CO2 insufflation and an ethanol washing step.</p>
Supplementary Data S1 for Rosen et al. Li and Ca enrichment in the Bristol Dry Lake brine, California
<p>Supplementary file S1: Chemical groundwater data used for analysis in the Journal article entitled "<strong>Li and Ca enrichment in the Bristol Dry Lake brine compared to brines from Cadiz and Danby Dry Lakes, Barstow-Bristol Trough, California, USA" </strong>by Michael R. Rosen, Lisa L. Stillings, Tyler Kane, Kate Campbell-Hay, and Matthew Vitale, P.G., Ray Spanjers, P.G.in the Journal Minerals</p> <p>Supplementary file S2: Chemical data from extractions from 10 clay samples from Bristol Dry lake by acid digestion. used in "<strong>Li and Ca enrichment in the Bristol Dry Lake brine compared to brines from Cadiz and Danby Dry Lakes, Barstow-Bristol Trough, California, USA" </strong>by Michael R. Rosen, Lisa L. Stillings, Tyler Kane, Kate Campbell-Hay, and Matthew Vitale, P.G., Ray Spanjers, P.G.in the Journal Minerals.</p> <p>Methods for all data are in the journal article.</p> <p>Data is for Bristol, Cadiz and Danby playas (Dry Lakes). Most data has been previously published either online in the California Division of Water Resources website, or in other USGS publications or journal articles. Some data from Cadiz Dry lake has not been previously published and publication of these data has been granted by Tetra Technologies Inc. and Standard Lithium LLC.</p>
Selective recovery of boron, cobalt, gallium and germanium from seawater solar saltworks brines using N-methylglucamine sorbents: Column operation performance
<p>The European Union (EU) identified a list of Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) crucial for its economy, aiming to find alternative sources. Seawater is a promising option as it contains almost all elements, although most at low concentrations. However, to the present, the CRMs' recovery from seawater is technically and economically unfeasible. Other alternatives to implement sea mining might be preferred, such as reverse osmosis brines or saltworks bitterns (after sodium chloride crystallisation). The CRMs' extraction in a selective way can be achieved using highly selective recovery processes, such as chelating sorbents. This study focuses on extracting Trace Elements (TEs) from solar saltworks brines, including boron, cobalt, gallium and germanium, using commercial N-methylglucamine sorbents (S108, CRB03, CRB05). The application of these sorbents has shown potential for boron recovery, but their selectivity for cobalt, gallium, and germanium requires further investigation. This research aims to assess these sorbents' kinetics and column mode performance for TEs recovery from synthetic bitterns. Boron and germanium were rapidly sorbed, reaching equilibrium (>90 %) within 1 h, except for S108, which took 2 h. In column mode, 20–25 pore volumes of bittern were treated to remove boron and germanium, but competition from other elements reduced treatment capacity. An acidic elution (1 M hydrochloric acid) allowed to elute them (>90 %), reaching concentration factors for germanium and boron of 35 and 11, respectively, while cobalt and gallium had less affinity for the sorbents. In addition, the experiments performed were fitted by a mass transfer model to determine the equilibrium constants and selectivities. Therefore, bittern mining has been proven as a secondary/alternative source to obtain CRMs, which can lead the EU to a position in which its dependence on other countries to obtain these raw materials would be decreased.</p>
Limited stability of multi-component brines on the surface of Mars
<p>This data package contains all the data used for the following publication: </p> <p>Limited stability of multi-component brines on the surface of Mars</p> <p>Vincent F. Chevrier<br> Alec Fitting<br> Edgard G. Rivera-Valentín</p> <p>The data are evaporation simulations of multicomponent mixtures of composition as measured by the Phoenix Wet Chemistry Laboratory instrument at various temperatures and for three different models (described in the manuscript). </p> <p>The organization and detailed description of the data is presented in the text file AAS35439R1_ReadMe.TXT</p>
Geochemical and genomic data from the NEOM Brine Pool (Gulf of Aqaba)
<p>This workbook contains the raw data acquired from the sampling of cores and water collected at 1,800 m depth in the NEOM Brine Pool, Gulf of Aqaba. The file captures the geochronology of the long core (S1-S2), X-ray fluorescence scanning (S3), X-ray diffraction (S4), geochemical analyses of the core sediments and overlying bine, plus associated uncertainties, and measurement precision (S5), and genomics (S6).</p>
Data from: Brine driven destruction of clay minerals in Gale crater, Mars
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This repository contains files and non-commercial software associated with the journal article "Brine Driven Destruction of Clay Minerals in Gale Crater, Mars.<strong>" </strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The article presents mineralogical, geochemical, and sedimentological observations made by the Mars Science Laboratory rover <em>Curiosity </em>in an area called Glen Torridon, Gale crater, Mars. Rocks exposed in Glen Torridon were deposited in a lake that occupied the floor of Gale crater about 3.5 billion years ago and are stratigraphic and depositional equivalents of rocks exposed ~ 400m away on Vera Rubin ridge. The mineralogy of rocks in these two areas are different despite forming in the same lake at the same time. Glen Torridon rocks contain about 30 wt % clay minerals and 2 wt % or less of the mineral hematite (an iron oxide). In contrast, Vera Rubin ridge rocks contain 5 to 13 wt % clay minerals, with larger quantities (between 9 and 16 wt %) of iron oxide and oxyhydroxide minerals. The observed differences in mineralogy are attributed to preferential post-depositional alteration of Vera Rubin ridge rocks by silica-poor brines. These brines are thought to have formed during the deposition of sedimentary strata of the 'sulfate-bearing unit' that overlie Glen Torridon and Vera Rubin ridge rocks. Orbital spacecraft have detected magnesium sulfates in the sulfate-bearing unit. The presence of these highly soluable salts imply that changing climate and/or hydrological conditions in Gale crater resulted in the formation of dense brines during deposition of the sulfate-bearing unit. It is hypothesized that brines infiltrated older clay-bearing sediments, converting iron-rich clay minerals to iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. Glen Torridon rocks also contain a mineral phase not previously identified on the mission. This mineral gives rise to a distinctive x-ray diffraction peak represents a interplanar spacing of 9.22 angstroms. This phase is identified as a mixed-layer serpentine-talc and is thought to have been transported into the crater floor by rivers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>This repository contains:</p> <p>- Files needed to perform mineral search and Rietveld refinement of measured x-ray diffraction data using <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>BGMN and MDI Jade software.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p> <p>- A non-commerical Excel-based program called FULLPAT, used for mineral and x-ray amorphous quantification of x-ray diffraction patterns collected by the CheMin instrument aboard <em>Curiosity. </em></p> <p><em>- </em>Python code that was used to identify the 9.22 angstrom phase through automated search the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database.</p> <p>- Collection times of Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer analyses of bulk rock geochemical presented in the article that can be used to retrieve raw data from NASA's Planetary Data system (<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>https://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/msl/msl-m-apxs-4_5-rdr-v1/mslapx_1xxx/extras/)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>- A compilation of Li abundances across Vera Rubin ridge and Glen Torridon measured by the ChemCam that were presented in the article and used as a proxy for rock clay mineral content.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Dataset of the Journal article "Energy duty in direct contact membrane distillation of hypersaline brines operating at the water-energy nexus"
<p>This repository contains the Dataset of the Journal article "Energy duty in direct contact membrane distillation of hypersaline brines<br> operating at the water-energy nexus" published on Journal of Membrane Science. </p>
Lithium recovery from brines by lithium membrane flow capacitive deionization (Li-MFCDI) – A proof of concept
<p>Dataset to H.M. Saif et al., <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-membrane-science-letters">Journal of Membrane Science Letters</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-membrane-science-letters/vol/3/issue/2">Volume 3, Issue 2</a>, November 2023, 100059</p> <p>The demand of lithium for electric vehicles and energy storage devices is increasing rapidly, thus new sources of<br> lithium (such as seawater and natural or industrial brines), as well as sustainable methods for its recovery, will<br> need to be explored/developed soon. This work presents a novel electromembrane process, called Lithium<br> Membrane Flow Capacitive Deionization (Li-MFCDI), which was tested to recover lithium from a synthetic<br> geothermal brine containing a much higher mass concentration of sodium than lithium (more than 650 times).<br> Specifically, a ceramic lithium-selective membrane was integrated into a flow capacitive deionization (FCDI)<br> cell, which was specifically designed, and 3D printed, to allow simultaneous charging and regeneration of the<br> employed flow electrodes. Despite the extremely high Na+/Li+ mass ratio in the feed stream, 99.98% of the<br> sodium was rejected and the process selectivity for lithium over other monovalent cations was 141 ± 5.85 for<br> Li+/Na+ and 46 ± 1.46 for Li+/K+. The Li-MFCDI process exhibited a stable behaviour over a 7-day test period,<br> and the estimated energy consumption was 16.70 ± 1.63 kWh/kg of Li+ recovered in the draw solution. These<br> results demonstrate promising potential of the Li-MFCDI for the sustainable lithium recovery from saline streams.</p>
Data from: Brine driven destruction of clay minerals in Gale crater, Mars
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Field investigations of salt partitioning and aqueous chemistry of freezing closed-basin lakes in Mongolia as terrestrial analogs of subsurface brine reservoirs on icy bodies [Data set]
<p>All measurement and calculation data</p> <p>Measurement and calculation data in Version 4 were uploaded in 2021-11-2</p>
The origins of asexual brine shrimps
<p>Determining how and how often asexual lineages emerge within sexual species is central to our understanding of sex-asex transitions and the long-term maintenance of sex. Asexuality can arise "by transmission" from an existing asexual lineage to a new one, through different types of crosses. The occurrence of these crosses, cryptic sex, variation in ploidy and recombination within asexuals greatly complicates the study of sex-asex transitions, as they preclude the use of standard phylogenetic methods and genetic distance metrics. In this study we show how to overcome these challenges by developing new approaches to investigate the origin of the various asexual lineages of the brine shrimp <em>Artemia parthenogenetica</em>. We use a large sample of asexuals, including all known polyploids, and their sexual relatives. We combine flow cytometry with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data. We develop new genetic distance measures and methods to compare various scenarios describing the origin of the different lineages. We find that all diploid and polyploid <em>A. parthenogenetica</em> likely arose within the last 80,000 years through successive and nested hybridization events that involved backcrosses with different sexual species. All <em>A. parthenogenetica</em> have the same common ancestor and therefore likely carry the same asexuality gene(s) and reproduce by automixis. These findings radically change our view of sex-asex transitions in this group, and show the importance of considering asexuality "by transmission" scenarios. The methods developed are applicable to many other asexual taxa.</p>
Fig 3 in Survival, growth, and biomass of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) fed with spirulina powder and soybean flour
Fig 3: The biomass of Artemia fed with different feeds at 21 days of rearing
Fig 2 in Survival, growth, and biomass of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) fed with spirulina powder and soybean flour
Fig 2: The body length of Artemia fed with different feeds at 21 days of rearing
Fig 1 in Survival, growth, and biomass of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) fed with spirulina powder and soybean flour
Fig 1: The survival rate of Artemia fed with different feeds at 21 days of rearing
Data for: Comparison of contributions to chloride in urban stormwater from winter brine and rock salt application
<p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The use of road salt to increase roadway safety during winter storms releases high concentrations of chloride into urban and suburban stormwater. This stormwater flows into nearby streams, resulting in concentrations of chloride that can exceed water quality standards intended to protect aquatic life. As chloride pollution is not readily filtered by soil or plants, mitigation will require reductions in the amount of salt used. In this study, cities in St. Louis County, Missouri, U.S., were used as a test case for brining as a best management practice (BMP) to reduce salt use relative to the standard practice of spreading solid rock salt. The practice of brining involves the dissolution of road salt in water and the application of the resulting brine solution to roadways in advance of a forecasted winter storm. During the winters of 2016-17 and 2017-18, stormwater runoff from residential areas was monitored in paired cities to determine if the availability of brining as a BMP for salt application on residential roads would result in a decrease of chloride in stormwater and, therefore, a decrease in chloride reaching urban streams. The use of brining by city governments resulted in a 45% average reduction of chloride loads conveyed to streams, demonstrating that brining is a highly viable BMP for local municipal operations.</p> <p><strong>Publication DOI:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02864">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02864</a></p>
Sorption strategies for recovering critical raw materials: Extracting trace elements from saltworks brines
<p><span>Rising population, industrialisation, and resource demand intensify resource limitations, particularly critical for European Union (EU) industries dependent on raw materials. Based on economic importance and supply risk, 32 Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) and two strategic raw materials were identified in 2023. With most CRMs sourced outside the EU, sea mining emerges as a promising secondary resource for CRMs extraction from seawater, although the harvest of Trace Elements (TEs) will require energy-intensive processes. Several EU-funded projects explore circular economy and resource recovery, considering sorption methods’ potential to extract TEs from brines. Commercial polymeric (IRC747, S940, MTX8010) and inorganic (SbTreat, SrTreat) sorbents, plus another synthesised inorganic one (CuHCF), were assessed for recovering TEs (cobalt, gallium, germanium, rubidium, strontium, caesium) from saltworks brines (bitterns). Polymeric sorbents, containing chelating functional groups, effectively targeted cobalt, gallium, and strontium, commercial inorganic sorbents favoured cobalt, gallium, germanium and strontium, and CuHCF targeted rubidium and caesium. Kinetic batch experiments demonstrated rapid element retention (≤30 min) by most sorbents. In dynamic column experiments, high sorption capacities were observed for cobalt and gallium with the polymeric sorbents, particularly for aminophosphonic sorbents (IRC747 and S940) (≥2.1 mg/g). SrTreat exhibited also a high sorption capacity of 7 mg/g for strontium, SbTreat achieved 20 mg/g for gallium and germanium and CuHCF retained rubidium (10 mg/g) and caesium (70 mg/g). Acidic desorption effectively recovered (>70 %) most of the elements from the sorbents, achieving concentration factors up to 708 for cobalt with IRC747 and S940, highlighting the potential valorisation of saltworks bitterns.</span></p>
Supplemental data for "Applications and Limitations of Portable Density Meter Measurements Of Na-Ca-Mg-K-Cl-SO4 Brines"
<p>Geochemistry, brine density measurements, environmental observations and geochemical modeling of the Bonneville Salt Flats and surrounding area. </p>
Data from: Synthesis of [100]-only LiFePO<sub>4</sub> nanosheets for efficient electrochemical lithium extraction from low-grade brines
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The origins of asexual brine shrimps
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