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Figure 3 in Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Buffalo National River, Arkansas

Figure 3. Seriation plot for caddisfly (Trichoptera) genera collected from the Buffalo National River, Arkansas. Monte Carlo mean = 0.60, Z = −2.07, p = 0.04. The longitudinal gradient of the Buffalo River runs from left to right for collection sites.

Figure 2 in Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Buffalo National River, Arkansas

Figure 2. Dendrogram for hierarchical cluster analysis using Bray-Curtis distance measure for SØrenson's similarity index values among sites having 15 or more caddisfly species.

Figure 1 in Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Buffalo National River, Arkansas

Figure 1. The Buffalo National River, Arkansas showing collection sites. Sites are described in the Methods.

Figures 5–7 in Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Buffalo National River, Arkansas

Figures 5–7. Diversity of caddisflies (Trichoptera) collected from the Buffalo National River, Arkansas. 5) Families. 6) Genera. 7) Species.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Campus Pond (Buffalo Creek Watershed) Water Data from 2021-11-03 to 2021-11-23

<pre># General Metadata for Campus Pond Sampling Station ## Files Specific metadata for each deployment and sensor can be found as text files with the file format of: LP_CampusPond_DO_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt LP_CampusPond_Depth_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt LP_CampusPond_CT_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt Where YYYY-MM-DD is the date that the sampling period ended. NOTE: The metadata in the above file is collected from the data logger and does not have all of fields present in the final data set, because some were created during data cleaning. Details on how the data were cleaned and variables created can be found at in the cleaning scripts on Gitlab [https://gitlab.com/leo147/leo/-/tree/master/lab_notebook/data_processing/cleaning_scripts](https://gitlab.com/leo147/leo/-/tree/master/lab_notebook/data_processing/cleaning_scripts). ## File Created * 2021-11-10 by KF - copied and modified from HS_wetland_general_metadata.md ## File Modified ## Description These data are from the sampling station in Campus Pond on the Longwood University Campus. The sensors are along the S shoreline of the pond (37.296813, -78.397702). All data are CC-BY and should be cited using the DOI available at https://zenodo.org/communities/leo/ ## Station Specifics The specific sensors at the site are: * Water Temperature (dC) and Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) are collected with a Onset HOBO U26-001 Dissolved Oxygen Logger * Water Temperature (dC) and Water Pressure (mmHg) are collected with an Onset HOBO U20-001-01 Water Level Logger * Water Temperature (dC) and Conductivity are collected with an Onset HOBO U24-001 Conductivity Logger * Air Temperature (dC) and Barometric Pressure (mmHg) are collected with an Onset HOBO U20-001-01 Water Level Logger mounted in the air next to the wetland. The sensors are sampled every 15 minutes ## Measurement Parameters, units, and Variable Names * date.time - the date and time that the record was collected, reported in POSIX standard time (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) * observation.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the incremental number of each observation from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor. * timestamp.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the data and time that the record was collected, as reported by the data logger (MM/DD/YY HH:MM:SS A/PM) from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor. * DO - the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water (mg/L) * Temp.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the temperature (dC) from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor. * Pressure.press or .BP - the pressure recorded by the pressure transducer (kPa) on the water pressure or barometric pressure sensor. * Z - the depth of the water (cm). * Low_Range_CT - the conductivity read from 0 - 2500 uS/cm (uS/cm) * Full_Range_CT - the conductivity read from 0 - 15000 uS/cm (mmHg) * press.g.cm2 - the pressure from the water pressure sensor (g/cm^2) * BP.g.cm2 - the barometric pressure from the barometric pressure sensor (g/cm^2) </pre>

Campus Pond (Buffalo Creek Watershed) Water Data from 2022-02-17 to 2022-03-14

General Metadata for Campus Pond Sampling Station Files Specific metadata for each deployment and sensor can be found as text files with the file format of: <pre><code>LP_CampusPond_DO_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt LP_CampusPond_Depth_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt LP_CampusPond_CT_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt</code></pre> Where YYYY-MM-DD is the date that the sampling period ended. NOTE: The metadata in the above file is collected from the data logger and does not have all of fields present in the final data set, because some were created during data cleaning. Details on how the data were cleaned and variables created can be found at in the cleaning scripts on Gitlab <a href="https://gitlab.com/leo147/leo/-/tree/master/lab_notebook/data_processing/cleaning_scripts">https://gitlab.com/leo147/leo/-/tree/master/lab_notebook/data_processing/cleaning_scripts</a>. File Created <ul> <li>2021-11-10 by KF - copied and modified from HS_wetland_general_metadata.md</li> </ul> File Modified Description These data are from the sampling station in Campus Pond on the Longwood University Campus. The sensors are along the S shoreline of the pond (37.296813, -78.397702). All data are CC-BY and should be cited using the DOI available at <a href="https://zenodo.org/communities/leo/">https://zenodo.org/communities/leo/</a> Station Specifics The specific sensors at the site are: <pre><code>* Water Temperature (dC) and Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) are collected with a Onset HOBO U26-001 Dissolved Oxygen Logger * Water Temperature (dC) and Water Pressure (mmHg) are collected with an Onset HOBO U20-001-01 Water Level Logger * Water Temperature (dC) and Conductivity are collected with an Onset HOBO U24-001 Conductivity Logger * Air Temperature (dC) and Barometric Pressure (mmHg) are collected with an Onset HOBO U20-001-01 Water Level Logger mounted in the air next to the wetland.</code></pre> The sensors are sampled every 15 minutes Measurement Parameters, units, and Variable Names <pre><code>* date.time - the date and time that the record was collected, reported in POSIX standard time (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) * observation.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the incremental number of each observation from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor. * timestamp.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the data and time that the record was collected, as reported by the data logger (MM/DD/YY HH:MM:SS A/PM) from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor. * DO - the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water (mg/L) * Temp.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the temperature (dC) from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor. * Pressure.press or .BP - the pressure recorded by the pressure transducer (kPa) on the water pressure or barometric pressure sensor. * Z - the depth of the water (cm). * Low_Range_CT - the conductivity read from 0 - 2500 uS/cm (uS/cm) * Full_Range_CT - the conductivity read from 0 - 15000 uS/cm (mmHg) * press.g.cm2 - the pressure from the water pressure sensor (g/cm^2) * BP.g.cm2 - the barometric pressure from the barometric pressure sensor (g/cm^2)</code></pre>

Lancer Park (Buffalo Creek) Weather Data from 2022-02-14 to 2022-03-29

General Metadata for Lancer Park Environmental Education Center Atmospheric Sampling Station Files Specific metadata for each deployment can be found as text files with the file format of: <pre><code>LP_weather_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt</code></pre> Where YYYY-MM-DD is the date that the sampling period ended. Metadata File Created <ul> <li>2019-10-27 by KF</li> </ul> File Modified Description These data are from a weather station installed at the Longwood University Environmental Education Center at Lancer Park (37.308189, -78.402768) as part of the Longwood Environmental Observatory. All data are CC-BY and should be cited using the DOI available at <a href="https://zenodo.org/communities/leo/">https://zenodo.org/communities/leo/</a> Station Specifics The specific at each site are: <pre><code>* Barometric Pressure (mmHg) - Campbell Scientific CS100 Barometric Pressure Sensor * Light Flux Density (kW/m^2) - Campbell Scientific Pyranometer CS300 * Light Total Flux (kJ/m^2) - Campbell Scientific Pyranometer CS300 * Rainfall (mm) - Texas Electronics TE525 Tipping Bucket * Temperature (dC) - Campbell Scientific CS215 Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor * Relative Humidity (%) - Campbell Scientific CS215 Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor * Wind Speed (m/s) - RM Young 05103 Wind Speed and Direction Sensor * Wind Direction (degrees from true N) - RM Young 05103 Wind Speed and Direction Sensor * Data Collection - Campbell Scientific CR200 Data Logger * The sensors are sampled every 15 minutes</code></pre> Measurement Parameters, units, and Variable Names <pre><code>* DATE - the date that the record was collected (YYYY-MM-DD) * TIMESTAMP - the date and time that the record was collected (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) * RECORD.x - a unique identifying number provided from the data logger for table 1 from the original downloaded data. * BattV_Avg - The average battery voltage (Volts) * BattV - The battery voltage at the time of the sampling (Volts) * BP_mmHg_Avg - The average barometric pressure over the sampling interval (mmHg) * BP_mmHg_Std - The standard deviation of the average barometric pressure (mmHg) * BP_mmHg - The barometric pressure at the time of the sampling (mmHg) * Rain_mm_Tot - The total rainfall during the sampling interval (mm) * AirTC_Avg - The average air temperature during the sampling interval (dC) * AirTC_Std - The standard deviation of the average air temperature (dC) * AirTC - the air temperature at the time of the sampling (dC) * RH - the relative humidity at the time of the sampling (%) * RH_Min - the minimum relative humidity recorded (%) * RH_TMn - the time that the minimum relative humidity measurement occurred (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) * RH_Max - the maximum relative humidity recorded (%) * RH_TMx - the time that the maximum relative humidity measurement occurred (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) * RECORD.y - a unique identifying number provided from the data logger for table 1 from the original downloaded data. * BattV_Min - the minimum battery voltage (Volts) * SlrkW_Avg - the average light flux density during the sampling interval (kW/m^2) * SlrkW_Std - the standard deviation of the average light flux density (kW/m^2) * SlrkW - the light flux density at the time of the sampling (kW/m^2) * SlrMJ_Tot - the total light flux (MJ/m^2) * WS_ms_Avg - the average wind speed during the sampling interval (m/s) * WS_ms_Std - the standard deviation of the average wind speed (m/s) * WS_ms - the wind speed at the time of the sampling event (m/s) * WindDir - the wind direction at the time of the sampling event (degrees from true N) * WS_ms_S_WVT - the average wind speed over the previous 15 minutes (m/s) * WindDir_D1_WVT - the average wind direction over the previous 15 minutes (degrees from true N) * WindDir_SD1_WVT - the standard deviation of the average wind direction over the previous 15 minutes (degrees from true N)</code></pre>

Campus Pond (Buffalo Creek Watershed) Data from 2021-11-23 to 2022-02-16

General Metadata for Campus Pond Sampling Station Files Specific metadata for each deployment and sensor can be found as text files with the file format of: <pre><code>LP_CampusPond_DO_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt LP_CampusPond_Depth_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt LP_CampusPond_CT_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt</code></pre> Where YYYY-MM-DD is the date that the sampling period ended. NOTE: The metadata in the above file is collected from the data logger and does not have all of fields present in the final data set, because some were created during data cleaning. Details on how the data were cleaned and variables created can be found at in the cleaning scripts on Gitlab <a href="https://gitlab.com/leo147/leo/-/tree/master/lab_notebook/data_processing/cleaning_scripts">https://gitlab.com/leo147/leo/-/tree/master/lab_notebook/data_processing/cleaning_scripts</a>. File Created <ul> <li>2021-11-10 by KF - copied and modified from HS_wetland_general_metadata.md</li> </ul> File Modified Description These data are from the sampling station in Campus Pond on the Longwood University Campus. The sensors are along the S shoreline of the pond (37.296813, -78.397702). All data are CC-BY and should be cited using the DOI available at <a href="https://zenodo.org/communities/leo/">https://zenodo.org/communities/leo/</a> Station Specifics The specific sensors at the site are: <pre><code>* Water Temperature (dC) and Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) are collected with a Onset HOBO U26-001 Dissolved Oxygen Logger * Water Temperature (dC) and Water Pressure (mmHg) are collected with an Onset HOBO U20-001-01 Water Level Logger * Water Temperature (dC) and Conductivity are collected with an Onset HOBO U24-001 Conductivity Logger * Air Temperature (dC) and Barometric Pressure (mmHg) are collected with an Onset HOBO U20-001-01 Water Level Logger mounted in the air next to the wetland.</code></pre> The sensors are sampled every 15 minutes Measurement Parameters, units, and Variable Names <pre><code>* date.time - the date and time that the record was collected, reported in POSIX standard time (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) * observation.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the incremental number of each observation from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor. * timestamp.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the data and time that the record was collected, as reported by the data logger (MM/DD/YY HH:MM:SS A/PM) from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor. * DO - the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water (mg/L) * Temp.DO, .CT - the temperature (dC) from the DO, conductivity, * WaterTemp - The water temperature from the pressure transducer under water (dC) * AirTemp - the air temperature from the pressure transducer (BP sensor) in the air (dC) * Pressure.press or .BP - the pressure recorded by the pressure transducer (kPa) on the water pressure or barometric pressure sensor. * Z - the depth of the water (cm). * Low_Range_CT - the conductivity read from 0 - 2500 uS/cm (uS/cm) * Full_Range_CT - the conductivity read from 0 - 15000 uS/cm (mmHg) * press.g.cm2 - the pressure from the water pressure sensor (g/cm^2) * BP.g.cm2 - the barometric pressure from the barometric pressure sensor (g/cm^2)</code></pre>

Campus Pond (Buffalo Creek Watershed) Data from 2022-03-18 to 2022-05-11

# General Metadata for Campus Pond Sampling Station ## Files Specific metadata for each deployment and sensor can be found as text files with the file format of:     BC_CampusPond_YYYY-MM-DD_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt      Where YYYY-MM-DD_YYYY-MM-DD is the date range of the sampling period. NOTE: The metadata in the above file is collected from the data logger and does not have all of fields present in the final data set, because some were created during data cleaning. Details on how the data were cleaned and variables created can be found at in the cleaning scripts on Gitlab [https://gitlab.com/leo147/leo/-/tree/master/lab_notebook/data_processing/cleaning_scripts](https://gitlab.com/leo147/leo/-/tree/master/lab_notebook/data_processing/cleaning_scripts). ## File Created   * 2021-11-10 by KF - copied and modified from HS_wetland_general_metadata.md   ## File Modified ## Description These data are from the sampling station in Campus Pond on the Longwood University Campus. The sensors are along the S shoreline of the pond (37.296813, -78.397702). All data are CC-BY and should be cited using the DOI available at https://zenodo.org/communities/leo/ ## Station Specifics   The specific sensors at the site are:     * Water Temperature (dC) and Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) are collected with a Onset HOBO U26-001 Dissolved Oxygen Logger     * Water Temperature (dC) and Water Pressure (mmHg) are collected with an Onset HOBO U20-001-01 Water Level Logger     * Water Temperature (dC) and Conductivity are collected with an Onset HOBO U24-001 Conductivity Logger     * Air Temperature (dC) and Barometric Pressure (mmHg) are collected with an Onset HOBO U20-001-01 Water Level Logger mounted in the air next to the wetland. The sensors are sampled every 15 minutes   ## Measurement Parameters, units, and Variable Names     * date.time - the date and time that the record was collected, reported in POSIX standard time (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)     * observation.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the incremental number of each observation from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor.     * timestamp.DO, .CT, .press, or .BP - the data and time that the record was collected, as reported by the data logger (MM/DD/YY HH:MM:SS A/PM) from the DO, conductivity, water pressure, or barometric pressure sensor.     * DO - the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water (mg/L)     * Temp.DO, .CT - the temperature (dC) from the DO or conductivity.     * WaterTemp - the water temperature measured from the pressure transducer in the water (dC).     * AirTemp - the air temperature measured from the pressure transducer (BP sensor) in the air (dC).     * Pressure.press or .BP - the pressure recorded by the pressure transducer (kPa) on the water pressure or barometric pressure sensor.     * Z - the depth of the water (cm).     * Low_Range_CT - the conductivity read from 0 - 2500 uS/cm (uS/cm)     * Full_Range_CT - the conductivity read from 0 - 15000 uS/cm (mmHg)     * press.g.cm2 - the pressure from the water pressure sensor (g/cm^2)     * BP.g.cm2 - the barometric pressure from the barometric pressure sensor (g/cm^2)

Chalgrove Lake (Buffalo Creek Watershed) YSI Data from 2022-03-22 to 2022-05-18

General Metadata for Chalgrove Lake YSI Data Files Specific metadata for each deployment can be found as text files with the file format of: <pre><code>BC_chalgrove_lake_YYYY-MM-DD_YYYY-MM-DD_metadata.txt</code></pre> Where YYYY-MM-DD_YYYY-MM-DD is the date range of the deployment. File Created <ul> <li>2019-04-12 by KF</li> </ul> File Modified <ul> <li>2019-10-31 by KF - added the descriptions of the total algae variables</li> <li>2022-05-04 by KF - updated to match LEO standards and current deployment specs</li> <li>2022-05-23 by KF - updated to include Total Algae Sensor information</li> </ul> Description These data are from a YSI EXO2 multiparameter sonde deployed at approximatly 0.7 m in Chalgrove Lake (37.242983 N, -78.464116 W) in approximately 4 m of water. Sonde Specifics The specific sensors and SNs deployed are on the metadata specific to each deployment but generally the sonde has: <ul> <li>Temperature</li> <li>Conductivity</li> <li>pH</li> <li>ODO</li> <li>Turbidity</li> <li>Total Algae</li> </ul> Measurement Parameters, units, and Variable Names <ul> <li>date.time = the combined date and time of the measurement (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)</li> <li>date = the sampling date reported by the YSI (M/D/YYYY)</li> <li>time = the sampling time reported by the YSI (HH:MM:SS)</li> <li>frac_sec = the sampling fractions of a second reported by the YSI</li> <li>site_name = the site name on the YSI deployment (left blank)</li> <li>Cond = the conductivity (uS/cm)</li> <li>Chl_RFU = the raw fluorescence of the chlorophyll sensor (RFU)</li> <li>nLF_Cond = the nLF conductivity (uS/cm)</li> <li>DO_perc = the percent oxygen saturation</li> <li>DO_percL = the percent local oxygen saturation</li> <li>DO_mgL = the dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/L)</li> <li>SAL = the salinity (psu)</li> <li>SPC = the specific conductivity (uS/cm)</li> <li>TAL_PC_RFU = the raw fluorescence of the phycocyanin (blue green algae) sensor (RFU)</li> <li>TDS = the total dissolved solids (mg/L)</li> <li>Turbidity = the turbidity of the water (FNU)</li> <li>TSS = the total suspended solids</li> <li>pH = the pH</li> <li>pH_mV = the millivolts of the pH sensor</li> <li>Temp = the temperature (dC)</li> <li>Batt_V = the battery voltage</li> <li>Cable_V = the cable power</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in The Rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick vector of Theileria parva is absent from cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations and associated ecosystems in northern Uganda

Fig. 1 Map showing the sampling sites. The three national parks are indicated with red dots and the cattle sampling sites adjacent to the parks depicted as green dots

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2015View details →

Fig. 2. Post mortem examination. Post mortem examination for typical calves showing signs associated with Theileria infection. A in Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived Theileria parva

Fig. 2. Post mortem examination. Post mortem examination for typical calves showing signs associated with Theileria infection. A: Copious frothy exudate from nasal cavities of BJ031 and BJ037. B: Pleural exudate in thoracic cavities of BJ033 and BJ041. C: Frothing in trachea of BJ026 and BJ033.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived Theileria parva

Fig. 1. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of vaccinated (dashed line) and control (solid line) calves following field exposure. The black circle and red cross at day 30 represent the animals remaining alive at the end of the experiment (censored). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Nematode-coccidia parasite co-infections in African buffalo: Epidemiology and associations with host condition and pregnancy

Fig. 4. Predicted mean and standard error body condition scores show associations with infection presence and season, with co-infected buffalo in much lower condition in the early wet season (Table S2). Coccidia infection status is represented with C– and C+; nematode infection status is represented with N– and N+.

Fig. 5 in Nematode-coccidia parasite co-infections in African buffalo: Epidemiology and associations with host condition and pregnancy

Fig. 5. Season and co-infection differences in nematode aggregation. (a) Aggregation patterns in calves (b) and non-calves. (c) In non-calves, the distribution of nematode parasites in the late wet season shows that k is not significantly different in coccidia positive vs. negative buffalo. (d) In the early wet season coccidia positive buffalo have a truncated distribution, resulting in significantly reduced aggregation. Arrows indicate nematode intensity values in the tail of the distribution of coccidia negative buffalo. Coccidia infection status is represented with C– and C+.

Fig. 3 in Nematode-coccidia parasite co-infections in African buffalo: Epidemiology and associations with host condition and pregnancy

Fig. 3. Patterns of parasite egg/oocyst counts with co-infection for (a) nematodes and (b) coccidia. (c), the mean nematode intensity in calves is higher in early wet season than in the late wet season independent of co-infection with coccidia. (d) Co-infection with coccidia alters the seasonal patterns of nematode intensity in non-calf buffalo (>1 year, juvenile through senescent). Calf vs. non-calf division is based on model paramters (Table 1).

Fig. 2 in Nematode-coccidia parasite co-infections in African buffalo: Epidemiology and associations with host condition and pregnancy

Fig. 2. Age specific patterns of parasite prevalence with co-infection. (a) Prevalence of nematodes is higher in buffalo co-infected with coccidia (C+) compared to coccidia negative buffalo (C–) in all age categories (N = 33, 318, 166, 272, 162 for calf, juvenile, subadult, adult and senescent C– buffalo; N = 58, 237, 55, 54, 20 for C+ buffalo). (b) Prevalence of coccidia is higher in buffalo co-infected with nematodes (N+) compared to nematode negative buffalo (N–) in calf, juvenile, subadult, and senescent buffalo but not adult buffalo (N = 13, 107, 92, 144, 56 for calf, juvenile, subadult, adult and senescent N– buffalo; N = 38, 448, 129, 208, 100 for N+ buffalo).

Fig. 1 in Nematode-coccidia parasite co-infections in African buffalo: Epidemiology and associations with host condition and pregnancy

Fig. 1. Age, sex and seasonal patterns of infection. Both parasites had the highest (a) prevalence (sample size for calf, juvenile, subadult, adult, and senescent respectively: N = 91, 555, 221, 326, 182) and (b) mean intensity in calves and juveniles (nematode N = 78, 448, 129, 208, 100; coccidia N = 58, 237, 55, 60, 14). (c) Males had lower estimated nematode prevalence and (d) higher estimated coccidia intensity compared to female buffalo. (e) The estimated nematode prevalence, coccidia prevalence, and (f) mean coccidia intensity were all increased in the early wet season compared to the late wet season. ‡Indicates significant differences at p <0.05.