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54 results for “bushcrickets”
Data from: Competition and cooperation in a synchronous bushcricket chorus
Synchronous signalling within choruses of the same species either emerges from cooperation or competition. In our study on the katydid Mecopoda elongata, we aim to identify mechanisms driving evolution towards synchrony. The increase of signal amplitude owing to synchronous signalling and the preservation of a conspecific signal period may represent cooperative mechanisms, whereas chorus synchrony may also result from the preference of females for leading signals and the resulting competition for the leader role. We recorded the timing of signals and the resulting communal signal amplitudes in small choruses and performed female choice experiments to identify such mechanisms. Males frequently timed their signals either as leader or follower with an average time lag of about 70 ms. Females selected males in such choruses on the basis of signal order and signal duration. Two-choice experiments revealed a time lag of only 70 ms to bias mate choice in favour of the leader. Furthermore, a song model with a conspecific signal period of 2 s was more attractive than a song model with an irregular or longer and shorter than average signal period. Owing to a high degree of overlap and plasticity of signals produced in 'four male choruses', peak and root mean square amplitudes increased by about 7 dB relative to lone singers. Modelling active space of synchronous males and solo singing males revealed a strongly increased broadcast area of synchronous signallers, but a slightly reduced per capita mating possibility compared with lone singers. These results suggest a strong leader preference of females as the ultimate causation of inter-male competition for timing signals as leader. The emerging synchrony increases the amplitude of signals produced in a chorus and has the potential to compensate a reduction of mating advantage in a chorus. We discuss a possible fitness benefit of males gained through a beacon effect and the possibility that signalling as follower is stabilized via natural selection.
Data from: When do trade-offs occur? The roles of energy constraints and trait flexibility in a bushcricket
In many animal species, the expression of sexually-selected traits is negatively correlated with survival traits such as immune function, a relationship termed a 'trade-off'. But an alternative in which sexually-selected traits are positively correlated with survival traits is also widespread. The nature of inter-trait relationships may be largely determined by overall energy expenditure, energy availability, and trait flexibility, with trade-offs expected when individuals are subject to energy constraints. We tested this hypothesis in Ephippiger diurnus, a European bushcricket in which males are distinguished by two prominent sexually-selected traits, acoustic calls and a large spermatophore transferred to the female at mating, and where immune function may be critical in survival. E. diurnus are distributed as small, isolated populations that are differentiated genetically and behaviorally. We analyzed songs, spermatophores, and the immune function in male individuals from eight populations spanning a range of song types. As predicted, we only found trade-offs in those populations that expended more energy on song and were less flexible in their ability to adjust that expenditure. Ultimately, energy constraints and resulting trade-offs may limit the evolution of song exaggeration in E. diurnus populations broadcasting long calls comprised of multiple 'syllables'.
Data from: Male genital titillators and the intensity of post-copulatory sexual selection across bushcrickets
Animal genitalia are diverse and a growing body of evidence suggests that they evolve rapidly under post-copulatory sexual selection. This process is predicted to be more intense in polyandrous species, although there have been very few comparative studies of the relationship between the complexity of genital structures in males and measures of the degree of polyandry. In some bushcricket families, males possess sclerotized copulatory structures known as titillators, which are inserted into the female's genital chamber and moved rhythmically. Like other genital structures, bushcricket titillators are widely used as important taxonomic characters and show considerable variation across species in structure, shape, and the extent to which they are spined. Here, we examine relationships between the presence/absence of titillators, titillator complexity, and both mating frequency and the degree of polyandry in bushcrickets, using phylogenetic comparative analyses. Using published sources combined with original observations, data were obtained for the mean level of polyandry, the duration of the male and female sexual refractory periods, and the level of complexity of titillators. To analyze data, we fitted phylogenetic generalized least squares models. No significant relationships were found between titillator presence or complexity and either the level of polyandry, duration of the male's sexual refractory period, or the ratio of the female and male sexual refractory periods. The duration of the female's refractory period, however, was positively associated with titillator presence and negatively associated with titillator complexity. The data therefore partially support the hypothesis that post-copulatory sexual selection drives genital evolution in this taxon.
FIGURES 7–24 in Eupholidoptera karatolosi sp. n. and E. mirzayani sp. n. (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae), two new bushcrickets from Greece and Iran
FIGURES 7–24 (scale bar = 1mm). 7–12 male cercus: 7- karatolosi sp.n. holotype male; 8- gemellata (redrawn from Willemse & Heller 2001); 9- chabrieri schmidti; 10- smyrnensis; 11- cretica; 12- mirzayani sp.n. holotype male. 13- subgenital plate, mirzayani sp.n. holotype male. 14–17 male terminal terga: 14- karatolosi sp.n. holotype male; 15- megastyla; 16- smyrnensis; 17- mirzayani sp.n. holotype male. 18–19 male subgenital plate: 18- karatolosi sp.n. holotype male; 19- megastyla. 20–23 female subgenital plate, lateral view: 20- chabrieri garganica; 21- karatolosi sp.n. paratype female; 22- annulipes; 23- mirzayani sp.n. holotype male. 24- pronotum, karatolosi sp.n. holotype male a- prozona, b- metazona.
FIGURES 25–35 in Eupholidoptera karatolosi sp. n. and E. mirzayani sp. n. (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae), two new bushcrickets from Greece and Iran
FIGURES 25–35 (scale bar = 1mm). 25–28 female subgenital plate: 25- karatolosi sp.n. paratype female; 26- chabrieri garganica; 27- megastyla; 28- mirzayani sp.n. paratype female. 29–35 Titillators: 29- annamariae; 30- karatolosi sp.n. holotype male, a- arm, b- collar, c- base; 31- megastyla; 32- mirzayani sp.n. holotype male, a- frontal view, b- lateral view; 33- astyla; 34- chabrieri schmidti; 35- smyrnensis.
FIGURES 1–6 in Eupholidoptera karatolosi sp. n. and E. mirzayani sp. n. (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae), two new bushcrickets from Greece and Iran
FIGURES 1–6 (scale bar = 1mm). 1–4 Habitus: 1- karatolosi sp.n. holotype male, FFL (Fastigium to hind Femur apex Length); 2- karatolosi sp.n. paratype female; 3- mirzayani sp.n. holotype male; 4- mirzayani sp.n. paratype female; 5–6 head frontal view: 5- karatolosi sp.n. holotype male, a- frontal groove width, b- fastigium upper width, c- scapus width; 6- mirzayani sp.n. holotype male.
FIGURES 17–28 in New bushcrickets of the tribe Meconematini (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Meconematinae) from China
FIGURES 17–28. Shoveliteratura triangula Shi, Bian & Chang sp. nov., male: 17. head in dorsal view; 18. pronotum in dorsal view; 19. pronotum in lateral view; 20. tenth abdominal tergite in dorsal view; 21. apex of abdomen in lateral view; 22. left cercus in lateral view; 23. cerci in dorsal view; 24. subgenital plate in ventral view; 25. genitalia in ventral view; 26. genitalia in lateral view; 27. genitalia in latero-dorsal view; 28. internal process of left cercus. Scale bars =1mm.
FIGURES 1–16 in New bushcrickets of the tribe Meconematini (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Meconematinae) from China
FIGURES 1–16. Sinodecma acuta Shi, Bian & Chang sp. nov.: 1, 3. head in dorsal view; 2, 4. fastigium verticis in lateral view; 5–6. pronotum in dorsal view; 7–8. pronotum in lateral view; 9. tenth abdominal tergite in dorsal view; 10. apex of abdomen in lateral view; 11. apical half of left cercus in lateral view; 12. basal area of left titillator in lateral view; 13. inner lobe of right cercus in apico-dorsal view; 14–15. subgenital plate in ventral view; 16. genitalia in lateral view; 1–2, 6, 8–14, 16. male; 3–4, 5, 7, 15. female. Scale bars =1mm.
FIGURES 23–31. Platycleis galvagnii n in Platycleis galvagnii, a peculiar new bushcricket from Sardinia (Italy) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
FIGURES 23–31. Platycleis galvagnii n. sp. Male apex of abdomen in dorsal view (23), male subgenital plate in ventral view (24), male left cercus in dorsal view (25), male left cercus in ventral view (26), female last abdominal tergite and subgenital plate in lateral view (27), female last abdominal tergite and subgenital plate in ventral view (28), male titillators (29), male pars stridens (30) and female ovipositor in lateral view (31).
FIGURES 15–18. Platycleis galvagnii n in Platycleis galvagnii, a peculiar new bushcricket from Sardinia (Italy) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
FIGURES 15–18. Platycleis galvagnii n. sp., in lateral and dorsal view. Male holotype (15–16) and female paratype (17–18).
FIGURES 19–22. Platycleis galvagnii n in Platycleis galvagnii, a peculiar new bushcricket from Sardinia (Italy) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
FIGURES 19–22. Platycleis galvagnii n. sp., head and pronotum in dorsal and lateral view. Male holotype (19, 21) and female paratype(20, 22).
FIGURE 37 in Platycleis galvagnii, a peculiar new bushcricket from Sardinia (Italy) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
FIGURE 37. Habitat of Platycleis galvagnii n. sp., Sardinia, Nuoro province, Gennargentu mountains, Bruncu Spina, near the top 1600 m, 30.VII.1999.
FIGURE 36 in Platycleis galvagnii, a peculiar new bushcricket from Sardinia (Italy) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
FIGURE 36. Oscillograms of Platycleis galvagnii n. sp., A: 30s, B: 3s, C: 500ms. Two recorded specimens. 1: Bruncu Spina, Sardinia, 30.VII.1999, specimen AO, rec. 4.VIII.1999, 26 ˚C (recording BO112: 11); 2: Bruncu Spina, Sardinia, 30.VII.1999, specimen BO, rec. 5.VIII.1999, 30 ˚C (recording BO114: 3).
FIGURES 32–35. Platycleis galvagnii n in Platycleis galvagnii, a peculiar new bushcricket from Sardinia (Italy) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
FIGURES 32–35. Platycleis galvagnii n. sp. SEM photos of male titillators. Dorsal left lateral view (32), posterior view (33), ventral view (34) and detail of basal portion in ventral view (35).
Data from: Male genital titillators and the intensity of post-copulatory sexual selection across bushcrickets
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Data from: When do trade-offs occur? The roles of energy constraints and trait flexibility in a bushcricket
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Data from: Competition and cooperation in a synchronous bushcricket chorus
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Sexual selection on bushcricket genitalia operates in a mosaic pattern
<p>In most species with internal fertilization, male genitalia evolve faster than other morphological structures. This holds true for genital titillators, which are used exclusively during mating in several bushcricket subfamilies. Several theories have been proposed for the sexual selection forces driving the evolution of internal genitalia, especially sperm competition, sexually antagonistic coevolution (SAC) and cryptic female choice (CFC). However, it is unclear whether the evolution of genitalia can be described with a single hypothesis or a combination of them. The study of species-specific genitalia action could contribute to the controversial debate about the underlying selective evolutionary forces. We studied female mating behaviors in response to experimentally modified titillators in a phylogenetically nested set of four bushcricket species: Roeseliana roeselii, Pholidoptera littoralis littoralis, Tettigonia viridissima (of the subfamily Tettigoniinae), and Letana inflata (Phaneropterinae). Bushcricket titillators have several potential functions; they stimulate females and suppress female resistance, ensure proper ampulla or spermatophore attachment and facilitate male fixation. In R. roeselii titillators stimulate females to accept copulations, supporting sexual selection by CFC. Conversely, titillator modification had no observable effect on the female's behavior in T. viridissima. The titillators of Ph. l. littoralis mechanically support the mating position and the spermatophore transfer, pointing to sexual selection by SAC. Mixed support was found in L. inflata, where manipulation resulted in increased female resistance (evidence for CFC) and mating failures by reduced spermatophore transfer success (evidence for SAC). Sexual selection is highly species-specific with a mosaic support for either cryptic female choice or sexually antagonistic coevolution or a combination of both in the four species.</p>
Figures 97-100 from: Hemp C, Massa B (2021) Biogeographical and evolutionary aspects of a Guineo-Congolian bushcricket tribe: Revision of the genera Cestromoecha Karsch, 1893 and Poreuomena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, with the description of new species (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 45-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.60193
Figures 97-100 Morphological details of male Poreuomena tshuapa sp. nov. Habitus (97), stridulatory file on the underside of the left tegminal flap (98), different views on apex with cerci (99, 100).
Figures 9-15 from: Hemp C, Massa B (2021) Biogeographical and evolutionary aspects of a Guineo-Congolian bushcricket tribe: Revision of the genera Cestromoecha Karsch, 1893 and Poreuomena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, with the description of new species (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68(1): 45-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.68.60193
Figures 9-15 Morphological details of male Cestromoecha longicerca. Habitus (9). Stridulatory area with mirror on right tegmen (10), stridulatory file on the underside of the left tegmen (11), close-up of mirror (12), abdominal apex in lateral view (13), rear view (14) and subgenital plate (15).
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