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Butterfly, Dragonfly and Damselfly Species at Harvard Forest 2015
I report on preliminary observations of butterflies in small meadows in the vicinity of “Harvard Farm” (formerly Petersham Country Club) in Petersham, MA, from 16-20 July 2015. I sampled butterflies at 10 locations over five days, visiting some areas twice. I documented (with digital photography) a total of 17 recognizable species/morpho-species, as well as 2-8 additional “grass skippers” which could not be identified to species. Initially I had planned to conduct a more organized survey, but most of the property had been grazed by the time I arrived in mid-July. This, combined with the late start date, meant that flowers – and nearly all butterflies – were absent at the Harvard Farm property during my visit. Instead, I opted to opportunistically sample several un-grazed meadows in the Petersham area, including North Common Meadow near the center of town and small meadows on Harvard Forest property, to develop a species list and photographic database of as many local butterflies as possible. From these surveys, the most numerous species were clouded/orange sulfur (Colias spp.; 34 individuals observed), followed by great spangled fritillary (Speyeria cybele; n = 32) and unidentified grass-skippers (various genera; n = 32). Moderately common species (n = 8-12) included Common wood-nymph (Cercyonis pegala), American copper (Lycaena phlaeas) and cabbage white (Pieris rapae); fewer than 4 individuals were recorded of: black/spicebush swallowtail (Papilio sp.), banded hairstreak (Satyrium calanus), gray hairstreak (Strymon melinus), azure (Celastrina ladon), eastern tailed-blue (Everes comyntas), pearl crescent (Phycioides tharos), eastern comma (Polygonia comma), Appalachian brown (Satyodes appalachia), northern pearly-eye (Enodia anthedon), and silver-spotted skipper (Epargyreus claras). These observations should be taken as preliminary, but may serve as a list of the most common and conspicuous butterfly taxa during mid-summer in the Petersham area, and could inform st
Fig. 15. Female sterigma. A in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 15. Female sterigma. A. Eryphanis zolvizora zolvizora (Hewitson, 1877) (Bolivia; MNHN, CG). B-H. Eryphanis zolvizora chachapoya ssp. nov. B. PT from Cushi, Pasco, Peru (BMNH 8226). C. PT from Carpish, Huánuco, Peru (MNHN, PBB 2285). D. Specimen from Mallqui, Huánuco, Peru (MNHN, PBB 2327). E. PT from San José de Molinopampa, Amazonas, Peru (MNHN, PBGL 198). F. PT from Nieva, Amazonas, Peru (MNHN, PBGL 596). G. PT from Alto Nieva, Amazonas, Peru (MNHN, PBGL 519). H. Specimen from Alto Nieva, Amazonas, Peru (MNHN, PBGL 520). I. Eryphanis zolvizora greeneyi Penz & DeVries, 2008, stat. rev., specimen fromValladolid, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador (MNHN, PBB 2288). J. Eryphanis zolvizora casagrande ssp. nov., PT from La Planada, Nariño, Colombia (IAvH; drawing by Jean-François Le Crom, JFL 337). K. E. zolvizora opimus (Staudinger, 1887), specimen from 'Colombie' (MNHN, CG). L. Eryphanis zolvizora reyi ssp. nov., PT from La Mina, Barinas, Venezuela (R, 116-JCSC). M-O. E. zolvizora isabelae ssp. nov. M. PT from Choroní, Aragua, Venezuela (R, 114-JCSC). N. PT from Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela (MIZA, 118-JCSC). O. PT from La Llanada, Distrito Federal, Venezuela (MNHN, PBB 2322).
Fig. 13. A-C in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 13. A-C. Male genitalia of Eryphanis zolvizora greeneyi Penz & DeVries, 2008, stat. rev. A. Specimen from Rio Blanco, Ecuador (MNHN, PBB 729). B. Specimen from Rio Blanco, Ecuador (MNHN, PBB 537). C. Specimen from Rio Blanco, Ecuador (MNHN, PBB 257). – D-F. Male genitalia of Eryphanis zolvizora casagrande ssp. nov. D. HT from Altaquer, Nariño, Colombia (ICNUN). E. PT from Ricaurte, Nariño, Colombia (IAvH; drawing by Jean-François Le Crom, JFL 336). F. Specimen from Las Gralarias, Pichincha, Ecuador (FLMNH). – G-I. Male genitalia of Eryphanis zolvizora opimus (Staudinger, 1887). G. Specimen from Manizales, Caldas, Colombia (BMNH 8228). H. Specimen from Arménia, Quindio, Colombia (MNHN, CG). I. Specimen from Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia (BMNH 8227).
Fig. 16 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 16. Geographical distribution of Eryphanis zolvizora subspecies. Unreliable localities are excluded. Male genitalia of specimens illustrating the different subspecies are represented.
Fig. 12 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 12. Male genitalia of various specimens of Eryphanis zolvizora chachapoya ssp. nov. A. PT from San José de Molinopampa, Amazonas, Peru (MNHN, PBGL 190). B. PT from Alto Nieva, Amazonas, Peru (MNHN, PBB 2157). C. Specimen from San Augustín, San Martín, Peru (MNHN, PBGL 521). D. PT from Cumpang, La Libertad, Peru (MJP). E. HT from Huamanpata, Amazonas, Peru (MJP). F. Specimen from Carpish, Huánuco, Peru (MNHN, PBB 2311). G. Specimen from San Francisco, Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru (MNHN, PBB 1407). H. PT from La Suiza, Pasco, Peru (UFPC). I. PT from Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru (BMNH 8224). J. PT from Cushi, Pasco, Peru (BMNH 8225).
Fig. 11 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 11. Gnathos and valva extremity in various specimens of Eryphanis zolvizora inca ssp. nov. A. PT from Santo Domingo, Puno, Peru (BMNH 8223). B. PT from San Lorenzo, Cusco, Peru (MNHN, PPB 2115). C. HT from Aguas Calientes, Cusco, Peru (MJP). D. PT from Alfamayo, Cusco, Peru (MNHN, PBB 2184). E. PT from Calabaza, Junín, Peru (MNHN, PBB 2308). F. Specimen from Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru (MJP).
Fig. 10. Male genitalia. A in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 10. Male genitalia. A. Eryphanis zolvizora zolvizora (Caranavi, Bolivia; MNHN, PBB 2286). B. Eryphanis zolvizora inca ssp. nov., PT (Llactohuaman, Cusco, Peru; MJP).
Fig. 9 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 9. Inter- and intra-individual variations of the extremities of valvae in a population of E. zolvizora chachapoya ssp. nov. from San José de Molinopampa, Amazonas, Peru (MNHN).
Fig. 1 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 1. Characters studied on the habitus (recto) and their major variations. a. HW projection, estimated by P = LCu1-((LM3+LCu2)/2) in milimetres). b. Orange mark between veins R5-M1. c. Size and shape of the orange marks. d. Violet-blue iridescence. e. Male androconial patch.
Fig. 2 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 2. Characters studied on the habitus (verso), and their major variations. f. Ground colour of the ventral surface and of the median area. g. Isolated white spot on FW cell. h. White spot at the angle formed by the cubital vein of the FW cell and Cu2. i. 'Bridge' between white stripes in FW cell Cu2-2A. j. Length on HW of posterior extension of the white stripes. k. Black designs in the HW cell, and black curved line anterior to the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus. l. Ring around the HW costal ocellus. m. Widest diameter Φ of the HW Cu1-Cu2 ocellus.
Fig. 8 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 8. Habitus of females. Yellow spot: paratype (PT). A. Eryphanis zolvizora reyi ssp. nov., PT (La Chimenea, Barinas, Colombia; MIZA). B. Eryphanis zolvizora isabelae ssp. nov., PT (Colonia Tovar, Aragua, Venezuela; MCC).
Fig. 4 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 4. Habitus of males. Red spot: holotype (HT) or lectotype (LT). Yellow spot: syntype (ST) or paratype (PT). A. Eryphanis zolvizora zolvizora (Hewitson, 1877), LT (Bolivia; BMNH). B. The southernmost known specimen of E. z. zolvizora (Manchones, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; MHNC). C. Eryphanis zolvizora inca ssp. nov., HT (Aguas Calientes, Cuzco, Peru; MJP). D. Eryphanis zolvizora chachapoya ssp. nov., HT (Huamanpata, Amazonas, Peru; MJP). E. Eryphanis z. chachapoya ssp. nov., ST of Eryphanis opimus Staudinger, 1887, from Chanchamayo, Junín, Peru (BMNH). F. PT of E. z. chachapoya ssp. nov. with small spots (Alto Nieva, Amazonas, Peru; MNHN, PBGL 706).
Fig. 5 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 5. Habitus of males. Red spot: holotype (HT) or lectotype (LT). A. Eryphanis zolvizora greeneyi Penz & DeVries, 2008, stat. rev., HT (Yanayacu, Napo, Ecuador; BMNH). B. E. z. greeneyi, specimen with increased forewing spots (Baeza, Napo, Ecuador, Pinas). C. Eryphanis zolvizora casagrande ssp. nov., HT (Altaquer, Nariño, Colombia; ICNUN). D. E. z. casagrande from Western Ecuador (Las Gralarias, Pichincha; FLMNH). E. Eryphanis zolvizora opimus (Staudinger, 1887), LT (Manizales, Colombia; ZMHB). F. E. z. opimus, specimen with reduced spots (Cauca, Colombia; MNHN, CG).
Fig. 6 in Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species?
Fig. 6. Habitus of males. Red spot: holotype (HT). Yellow spot: paratype (PT). A. Eryphanis zolvizora reyi ssp. nov., HT (La Chimenea, Barinas, Venezuela; MIZA). B. E. z. reyi ssp. nov., PT (Charalá, Colombia; MNHN, PBB 2321). C. Eryphanis zolvizora isabelae ssp. nov., HT (Choroní, Aragua, Venezuela; R, to be donated to MIZA). D. E. z. isabelae ssp. nov., PT; specimen with reduced forewing spots (Choroní, Aragua, Venezuela; R).
Figure 1 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets
Figure 1. Circular map of Baltia butleri, Talbotia naganum, Pontia callidice, Pontia daplidice mitochondrial genome. COI, COII, and COIII refer to the cytochrome oxidase subunits; CytB refers to cytochrome B; ATP6 and ATP8 refer to subunits 6 and 8 of F0 ATPase; ND1-6 refers to the components of NADH dehydrogenase. The tRNAs locations are marked by the color blocks and labeled by the IUPAC-IUB single letter amino acid code. L1, L2, S1, and S2 denote tRNALeu (CUN), tRNALeu (UUR), tRNASer (AGN), and tRNASer (UCN), respectively. The non-underlined genes are transcribed on the majority strand whereas the underlined genes are transcribed on the minority strand.
Figure 16 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets
Figure 16. Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likehood (ML) phylogenetic trees inferred from mitochondrial genomes of pierid family based on 22tRNA genes.
Figure 3 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets
Figure 3. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) of the four pierid butterfly mitogenomes newly determined in this study.
Figure 15 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets
Figure 15. Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likehood (ML) phylogenetic trees inferred from mitochondrial genomes of pierid family based on four datasets (13PCGs, 13PCGs+2rRNAs, 2rRNAs, 2rRNAs+22tRNAs).
FIGURE 3 in Species diversity and community structure of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in an eastern amazonian forest
FIGURE 3: Whittaker plot (rank-abundance distribution) for the total sample of fruit-feeding butterflies in an eastern Amazonian forest. The y axis represents species abundance and the x axis ranks each species in order from most to least abundant.
FIGURE 1 in Species diversity and community structure of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in an eastern amazonian forest
FIGURE 1: Location of Sítio Aguahy, in the eastern Amazon. (A) Maps of Brazil and the state of Maranhão, demonstrating the distribution of the Brazilian Amazon forest. (B) Dense rainforest (C) Secondary forest.
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