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39 results for “cacti”
The structural and nutrient chemistry of decomposing cacti in the Sonoran Desert
Cacti are an abundant taxa in the Sonoran Desert, but most research focuses on their population dynamics and physiology and relatively little is currently known regarding their role in desert biogeochemical cycles, particularly regarding their decomposition dynamics. A better understanding of cactus decomposition and their role in ecosystem processes is important, considering there are many threatened and endangered species within this group. In this study, we decomposed two common species of cacti, Opuntia chlorotica (pancake prickly pear) and Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (buckhorn cholla), in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, U.S.A. Mass loss, water loss, nutrient content, and structural and metabolic chemistry were measured at regular intervals over the course of one year of decomposition. Our results demonstrate the contribution of cactus decomposition to carbon and nutrient recycling, with dynamics that are overall comparable to those of woody and herbaceous leaf litter for most elements. We enumerate, however, a particularly important role in calcium dynamics in comparison to woody and herbaceous leaf litter. Despite different structural characteristics, both cactus species released nutrients at a statistically equivalent rate, though with altered timing of net immobilization and mineralization due to temporary mass gain and associated nutrient immobilization in cholla. The release of nutrients and water from decaying cacti have a modest influence on underlying soil CO2 flux, secondary to a more dominant influence of overall soil temperature and moisture. Thus, our data provide a baseline for understanding the decay dynamics of two common cactus species and suggest that, while there is still a lack of information pertaining to cactus decomposition, the similarities between leaf litter and cacti will aid our predictions of the consequences of future changes in cactus populations.
Figs 42–43 in Primary chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Phaenonotum exstriatum and Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figs 42–43. Phaenonotum exstriatum (Say, 1835), prothoracic leg of first instar larva. 42 – anterior view; 43 – posterior view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
Figs 46–48 in Primary chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Phaenonotum exstriatum and Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figs 46–48. Phaenonotum exstriatum (Say, 1835), chaetotaxy of third instar larva. 46 – detail of clypeolabrum; 47 – left antenna, dorsal view; 48 – right mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars: Figs 46, 48 = 0.1 mm, Fig. 47 = 0.05 mm.
Figs 44–45 in Primary chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Phaenonotum exstriatum and Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figs 44–45. Phaenonotum exstriatum (Say, 1835), chaetotaxy of the head capsule of the third instar larva. 44 – dorsal view; 45 – ventral view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
Figs 35–37 in Primary chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Phaenonotum exstriatum and Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figs 35–37. Phaenonotum exstriatum (Say, 1835), chaetotaxy of first instar larva. 35 – detail of clypeolabrum; 36 – left antenna, dorsal view; 37 – right mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.
Figs 25–28 in Primary chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Phaenonotum exstriatum and Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figs 25–28. Dactylosternum cacti (LeConte, 1855), chaetotaxy of third instar larva. 25 – detail of clypeolabrum; 26 – left antenna, dorsal view; 27 – left mandible, dorsal view; 28 – right mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Figs 13–16 in Primary chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Phaenonotum exstriatum and Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figs 13–16. Dactylosternum cacti (LeConte, 1855), chaetotaxy of first instar larva. 13 – detail of clypeolabrum; 14 – left antenna, dorsal view; 15 – left mandible, dorsal view; 16 – right mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars: Fig. 13 = 0.1 mm, Figs 14–16 = 0.05 mm.
Figs 17–20 in Primary chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Phaenonotum exstriatum and Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figs 17–20. Dactylosternum cacti (LeConte, 1855), chaetotaxy of first instar larva. 17 – left maxilla, dorsal view; 18 – maxilla, ventral view; 19 – labium, ventral view; 20 – labium, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.
Figs 11–12 in Primary chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Phaenonotum exstriatum and Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figs 11–12. Dactylosternum cacti (LeConte, 1855), chaetotaxy of the head capsule of the first instar larva. 11 – dorsal view; 12 – ventral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
Figs 38–41 in Primary chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Phaenonotum exstriatum and Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figs 38–41. Phaenonotum exstriatum (Say, 1835), chaetotaxy of first instar larva. 38–39 – maxilla (38– dorsal view; 39 – ventral view). 40–41 – labium (40 – dorsal view; 41 – labium, ventral view). Scale bars = 0.05 mm.
Wild herbivores enhance resistance to invasion by exotic cacti in an African savanna
<p>1. Whether wild herbivores confer biotic resistance to invasion by exotic plants remains a key question in ecology. There is evidence that wild herbivores can impede invasion by exotic plants, but it is unclear whether and how this generalises across ecosystems with varying wild herbivore diversity and functional groups of plants, particularly over long-term (decadal) time frames.</p> <p>2. Using data from three long-term (13- to 26-year) exclosure experiments in central Kenya, we tested the effects of wild herbivores on the density of exotic invasive cacti, <em>Opuntia stricta</em> and <em>O. ficus-indica</em> (collectively, <em>Opuntia</em>), which are among the worst invasive species globally. We also examined relationships between wild herbivore richness and elephant occurrence probability with the probability of <em>O. stricta</em> presence at the landscape level (6,150 km<sup>2</sup>).</p> <p>3. <em>Opuntia</em> densities were 74% to 99% lower in almost all plots accessible to wild herbivores and increased more rapidly in plots excluding wild herbivores. These effects were largely driven by megaherbivores (≥1,000 kg), particularly elephants.</p> <p>4. At the landscape level, modelled <em>Opuntia</em> occurrence probability was negatively correlated with estimated species richness of wild herbivores and elephant occurrence probability. On average, O. stricta occurrence probability fell from ~0.56 to ~0.45 as wild herbivore richness increased from 6 to 10 species and fell from ~0.57 to ~0.40 as elephant occurrence probability increased from ~0.41 to ~0.84. These multi-scale results suggest that any facilitative effects of <em>Opuntia</em> by wild herbivores (e.g., seed/vegetative dispersal) are overridden by suppression (e.g., consumption, uprooting, trampling).</p> <p>5. <em>Synthesis</em>. Our experimental and observational findings that wild herbivores confer resistance to invasion by exotic cacti add to evidence that conserving and restoring native herbivore assemblages (particularly megaherbivores) can increase community resistance to plant invasions.</p>
Figure 3 in Local jumping spiders living on introduced cacti in Karnataka
Figure 3. Jumping spiders on Echinocereus. 1-2, Two different male M. plataleoides tending two different penultimate females. Note the difference in coloration of the two males. 3, Dead female M. plataleoides (arrow) inside of her nest.
Figure 1 in Local jumping spiders living on introduced cacti in Karnataka
Figure 1. Many cacti, like these Mexican Ferocactus latispinus, have extrafloral nectaries (arrows) that produce a copious supply of nectar for ants and other predatory arthopods. In the absence of these predators, cacti may be vulnerable to a host of herbivorous insects. The formidable spines of these cacti can protect them from the larger (vertebrate) herbivores, but not from the smaller (arthropod) ones.
Wild herbivores enhance resistance to invasion by exotic cacti in an African savanna
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Survey 200 long term study of multiple sites in central Arizona-Phoenix: Cacti
The Ecological Survey of Central Arizona (ESCA) is an extensive field survey and integrated inventory designed to capture key ecological indicators of the CAP LTER study area consisting of the urbanized, suburbanized, and agricultural areas of metropolitan Phoenix, and the surrounding Sonoran desert. The survey is conducted every five years at approximately 200 sample plots (30m x 30m) that were located randomly using a tessellation-stratified dual-density sampling design. Study plots cover habitats throughout the CAP LTER study area ranging from native Sonoran desert sites to residential yards to an airport tarmac. Measurements include an inventory of all plants (identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit, typically species), plant biovolume, soil coring for physicochemical properties, arthropod sweep-net sampling, photo documentation, and a visual survey of site and area characteristics. The objectives of the survey are to (1) characterize patches in terms of key biotic, physical, and chemical variables, and (2) examine relationships among land use, general plant diversity, native plant diversity, plant biovolume, soil nutrient status, and social-economic indices along an indirect urban gradient. Survey 200 was the original name of the project, and it was renamed to ESCA following the survey conducted in 2015. The data set here includes a subset of information from the Survey200/ESCA focusing exclusively on cacti and succulents in the survey plots. Investigators interested in more recent survey data, or other variables measured as part of ESCA should search the data catalog for 'ecological survey of central arizona' or 'survey 200'.
Data from: Columnar cacti as sources of energy and protein for frugivorous bats in a semi-arid ecosystem
Columnar cacti constitute the dominant elements in the vegetation structure of arid and semi-arid New World ecosystems representing a plethora of food resources for vertebrate consumers. Previous stable isotope analysis in Central Mexico showed that columnar cacti are of low importance to build tissue for frugivorous bats. We used carbon stable isotope analysis of whole blood and breath samples collected from four species of frugivorous bats (Sturnira parvidens, Sturnira ludovici, Artibeus jamaicensis, and Artibeus intermedius) to reconstruct the importance of cactus plants in their diet. Breath samples were collected within 10 min (B10) of bat capture and ~12 h after capture (B720), representing the oxidation of recently ingested food and of body reserves, respectively. We expected that bats relied primarily on non-cactus food to construct tissues and fuel oxidative metabolism. Non-cactus food strongly predominated for tissue building, whereas oxidative metabolism was supported by a moderate preponderance of non-cactus food for B10 samples, and a moderate preponderance of cactus food or an equal contribution of both sources for B720 samples. Artibeus and Surnira species appear to cover a narrow part of the diet with cactus food, confirming that the incorporation of nutrients derived from these plants is not generalized among vertebrate consumers.
Fig. 5 in Coleoptera Collected from Rotting Fishhook Barrel Cacti (Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britton and Rose), with a Review of Nearctic Coleoptera Associated with Succulent Necrosis
Fig. 5. Principal coordinates analysis based on moisture content. Dry is distinctly grouped, while Moist and Wet have minimal overlap.
Fig. 3 in Coleoptera Collected from Rotting Fishhook Barrel Cacti (Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britton and Rose), with a Review of Nearctic Coleoptera Associated with Succulent Necrosis
Fig. 3. Barrel cactus #10. White lines designate bor- der between subsections: bottom, completely saturated; middle, moist; top, relatively dry.
Figs. 13–19 in Coleoptera Collected from Rotting Fishhook Barrel Cacti (Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britton and Rose), with a Review of Nearctic Coleoptera Associated with Succulent Necrosis
Figs. 13–19. Habitus images of Coleoptera in decayed barrel cacti. 13) Dactylosternum cacti; 14) Litargus balteatus; 15) Carpophilus discoideus; 16) Carpophilus lugubris; 17) Aleochara (Maseochara) depressa; 18) Aleochara (Maseochara) valida; 19) Diestota sp.
Figs. 6–12 in Coleoptera Collected from Rotting Fishhook Barrel Cacti (Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britton and Rose), with a Review of Nearctic Coleoptera Associated with Succulent Necrosis
Figs. 6–12. Habitus images of Coleoptera in decayed barrel cacti. 6) Apotrepus densicollis; 7) Carcinops consors;
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