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Fig. 7 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA
Fig. 7. Sketches of the orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA illustrating the distribution and formation of cameral deposits. A. Thin section illustrating the bite marks on the dorsal (left) and ventral (right) sides of the conch, the pre− and post−attack cameral deposits, and the post−mortem deposits. The dorsal septum was partly cut off during sectioning. A1, photograph, A2, explanatory sketch drawing. B. Sketch drawing illustrating the distribution of the several mineralogies/materials (HMC, aragonite, siphuncle, hydrocarbons and sediment). C. Hypothetical precipitation of the cameral deposits. C1, C2 before, C3 at the time, and C4–C6 after the attack. For abbreviations and colours used see A. Note that the drawing is prepared from the thin section illustrated in A1 and thus, effects of the cut through the specimen also play a role in the distribution of deposits and the individual parts of the specimen. The interpretation of the precipitation is based on thin sections, serial sections and observation in SEM. Before the attack: C1, the two chambers of the specimen with layers 1 and 2 (black deposit) and an intact siphuncle; the "?" denotes the suggested trend of the deposit in this area; C2, layers 3 (cauliflower−like deposits) and 4 (light brown deposits) are deposited and in the siphuncle the first deposits (layer 5) are precipitated. The attack: C3, damage marks on both sides of the specimen; on the right (ventral) the mark penetrates the cameral deposits layer 1 to 4 (see Fig. 4A). After the attack: C4, deposition of the unusual dark brown cameral deposits (layer 6) in the orad chamber; further growth of the deposits in the orad siphuncle (note: whether these deposited had grown further same time as the dark brown deposits were precipitated cannot be stated without doubt); C5, precipitation of the latest deposits in the chambers (layer 7), mainly at the siphuncle (layer 7) and in the siphuncle (note: the deposits might have started growing in this stage, see also comment on C4). Post−mortem: C6, intrusion of hydrocarbons and sediment; precipitation of calcite cements and diagenesis.
Fig. 6 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA
Fig. 6. Thin sections of the orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA illustrating the whitish (layers 3 and 4) and dark brown deposits (layer 6). A. Layer 4 illustrating the alternation of lighter granular and darker fibrous layers. B. Cauliflower−like to semi−spherical dark brown deposits (layer 6) in the adoral chamber overlying the whitish deposits illustrating the abrupt change in cameral deposition. C. Adoral septum with early deposits, whitish deposits and the dark brown deposits. D. Layered dark brown deposits in the orad chamber. E. Whitish and dark brown deposits in the adoral chamber illustrating the abrupt change in deposition. F. Dark brown deposits showing the alternation of light mineral layers and darker more organic layers.
Fig. 4 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA
Fig. 4. Details of shell wall of the orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA. A. Venter showing the damage on the shell filled with sediment and proving that the damage extends through layer 1, thus opening the chamber for seawater, this establishes that alteration of the original cameral fluid was possible. B. Large spherical dark brownish deposits (layer 6; that the deposit directly above the bite mark appears whitish is an effect of the imaging technique; compare with thin section in Fig. 7A1). C. Siphuncular and cameral deposits in the adapical chamber; siphuncular deposits are best preserved at the adoral end of the chamber inside the connecting ring and adjacent to the ventral side of the septal neck. D. Fragmented siphuncle in the apical chamber with late post−mortem cement filling. Within the connecting ring there are blocky cements, hydrocarbons and some sediment, on the outside outer surface of the connecting ring cameral deposits are present. E. Preserved (circle on the right) and diagenetically altered (circle on the left) aragonite of the middle septum. Hydrocarbons partly cover the nacreous structure. F. Sector of the thin section in Fig. 7A1 illustrating the area of the ventral hole. In the upper right, the boundary between the dark brown cameral deposits is visible (arrow b). On the left and right of the hole the cauliflower−like layer 3 is present, identical structures are missing directly above the bite. On the left and right of and above the hole are the black deposit is present, but this layer is missing within the hole (arrows a). Vertical cracks (arrows c) through the whitish layer (layers 3 and 4) indicate that external pressure was exerted from the outside of the shell. On the right above the bite the whitish deposits shows a structure suggesting that the part left of the crack was moved upward (arrow d).
Fig. 1 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA
Fig. 1. Setting and features of Oklahoma and the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry. A. Geographical position of Oklahoma (modified after www.stepmap.de). B. Section of Oklahoma with the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry northeast of the Arbuckle Mountains (indicated with the arrow and the dot); inserted sketch of the geographical position of Sulphur and the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry area (marked with a star). C. Main section of Oklahoma with the "asphalt belt" of Oklahoma and the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry within this belt (marked with the oval); modified after Hutchinson (1911: 5). D. Hydrocarbon−soaked cephalopod coquina with an orthoconic (on) and a coiled nautiloid (cn) specimen.
Fig. 3 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA
Fig. 3. Various orthoconic nautiloid specimens from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA: BSPG 2011 0003 (A), BSPG 2011 0004 (B), BSPG 2011 0005 (C), BSPG 2011 0006 (D), BSPG 2011 0007 (E), BSPG 2011 0008 (F), BSPG 2011 0009 (G), and BSPG 2011 0010 (H) representing at least two different undetermined genera with normal, but in part diagenetically altered cameral deposits. Generic determination is difficult because the outer test is missing and the siphuncle is not well preserved or absent and is not aim of this study. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 5 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA
Fig. 5. Thin sections of the orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA illustrating the whitish cameral deposits (layers 3 and 4) in adoral and adapical chambers. A. Adapical septum, altered early deposits and black deposit overlain by the cauliflower−shaped and laminated whitish cameral deposits in the older chamber. B. Ventral side of the conch with the middle septum, early cameral deposits, the black deposit and the whitish deposits. C. Middle septum with ventral side of the siphuncle of the adapical and adoral chambers; hypo− and episeptal deposits and the black deposit; in the siphuncle sediment and siphuncular deposits are present; in the adapical chamber the filling with hydrocarbons is obvious. D. Ventral side of the adapical chamber with cameral deposits and hydrocarbon filling. E. Whitish cameral deposits and black deposit in the adapical chamber. F. Whitish cameral deposit illustrating the alternation of lighter and darker layers and the grading into darker later deposits of layer 4.
Fig. 2. Investigated orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 in Exceptional cameral deposits in a sublethally injured Carboniferous orthoconic nautiloid from the Buckhorn Asphalt Lagerstätte in Oklahoma, USA
Fig. 2. Investigated orthoconic nautiloid specimen BSPG 2011 0002 from the Carboniferous Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA with nacreous shine and one of the marks on the conch (dorsal side of the phragmocone). In the middle of this mark a septum is visible (marked with an arrow).
Septa and camerae models for cameral liquid retention experiments
<p>Virtual models (in STL format) of ectocochleate (externally-shelled) cephalopod chambers (camerae) and divider walls (septa). These models were 3D printed to measure their retention of liquid by surface tension. This zip folder contains models of two types: 1) single septa for different species confined in a cylindrical shell, and 2) entire camerae of two species. The latter models have several iterations of smoothed versions for comparison. </p>
Goryeocrinus pentagrammos n. gen. n. sp. (Rhodocrinitidae; Diplobathrida), the first record of camerate crinoid from the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) of South Korea (East Gondwana)
<p><em>Goryeocrinus</em> <em>pentagrammos</em> n. gen. n. sp. from the Jigunsan Formation of South Korea is described, which is the first diplobathrid record from Middle Ordovician (middle Darriwilian) of East Gondwana. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that <em>G</em>. <em>pentagrammos</em> is a member of the paraphyletic Rhodocrinitidae of the Diplobathrida and most closely related to <em>Paradiabolocrinus</em> from the Late Ordovician (Sandbian) of Laurentia. <em>G</em>. <em>pentagrammos</em> is characterized by having a pentameral, flat bowl-shaped calyx, conspicuous pentagrammatic ridge formed by bifurcated median ray ridge and pentagonal basal ridge, at least two interradials in the first row of regular interrays, and anitaxial ridge originating from CD interray but close to C ray radial, and lacking intrabrachials and interradials between secundibrachials. The occurrence of <em>G</em>. <em>pentagrammos</em> from South Korea (East Gondwana) drastically expands Ordovician paleogeographic range of the camerates which have otherwise been recorded from Laurentia, West Gondwana, Avalonia, and Baltica.</p>
Goryeocrinus pentagrammos n. gen. n. sp. (Rhodocrinitidae; Diplobathrida), the first record of camerate crinoid from the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) of South Korea (East Gondwana)
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Data from: Microstructural and geochemical evidence offers a solution to the cephalopod cameral deposits riddle
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Data from: Testing for escalation in Lower Mississippian camerate crinoids
Crinoids were relatively unaffected by the end-Devonian Hangenberg mass extinction event. Major clades of Devonian durophagous fishes suffered significant extinctions, however, and the dominant surviving clades were biting or nipping predators. In part as a response to the Hangenberg event, early Mississippian crinoids underwent an adaptive radiation, while fish clades with a shell-crushing durophagous strategy diversified. Durophagous predators are inferred to have been more effective predators on camerate crinoids; and it is hypothesized, following the predictions of escalation, that through the early Mississippian, camerate crinoids evolved more effective anti-predatory strategies in response. We test this hypothesis of escalation by examining the changes in spinosity and plate convexity among camerate crinoids throughout this interval. A new method was formulated to test for an increase in convexity of the tegmen plates. Traits in Agaricocrinus, Aorocrinus, and Dorycrinus (Family Coelocrinidae) were tested for congruence to the escalation hypothesis, and results were mixed. Convexity of tegmen plates in Agaricocrinus, spine length/calyx diameter in Aorocrinus, calyx size in Aorocrinus, central spine length in Dorycrinus, and spine width in Dorycrinus did not have size increase trends supporting escalation. Rather than an increase in convexity, the variance of convexity in Agaricocrinus tegmen plates narrowed, which could reflect an optimum. Alternatively, morphological change consistent with the escalation hypothesis occurred in calyx size of Agaricocrinus and in lateral spine length and calyx size in Dorycrinus. Furthermore, central and lateral spine length, parameters of the spine width, and size trends support escalation when Aorocrinus and Dorycrinus are treated as a lineage. Thus, inferred escalation acted on traits differently within a single lineage and was relevant for both speciation and the diversification of a new genus.
Data from: Testing for escalation in Lower Mississippian camerate crinoids
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Data from: An echinoderm Lagerstätte from the Upper Ordovician (Katian), Ontario: taxonomic re-evaluation and description of new dicyclic camerate crinoids
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Data from: Camerate crinoids from the Nunn Member (Osagean) of the Lower Mississippian Lake Valley Formation, New Mexico
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Data from: Camerate and disparid crinoids from the late Kinderhookian Meadville Shale, Cuyahoga Formation of Ohio
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Paleocommunity composition, relative abundance, and new camerate crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte (Upper Ordovician)
<p>The Brechin Lagerstätte of southern Ontario contains an exceptionally diverse and well-preserved Late Ordovician (Katian) crinoid fauna. Here, we describe four genera and eight species of camerate crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte, including six new species. Consequently, the total diversity of the fauna now stands at 27 genera and 39 nominal species, thereby making it the most taxonomically diverse Ordovician crinoid fauna known. Taxa described herein include the diplobathrid <i>Pararchaeocrinus kiddi</i> n. sp. and the monobathrids <i>Glyptocrinus ramulosus</i>, <i>Periglyptocrinus priscus</i>, <i>Periglyptocrinus astricus</i> n. sp., <i>Periglyptocrinus kevinbretti</i> n. sp., <i>Periglyptocrinus mcdonaldi</i> n. sp., <i>Periglyptocrinus silvosus</i> n. sp., and <i>Abludoglyptocrinus steinheimerae</i> n. sp.</p> <p>We summarize the taxonomic composition, diversity, and abundance distribution of all known crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte to better characterize the paleoecological structure and complexity of the community. We establish that the fauna is dominated by the subclass Pentacrinoidea, both in terms of abundance and species richness. In addition, we analyze species-level abundance data using relative abundance distribution (RAD) models to evaluate the ecological complexity of the paleocommunity. We find that community structure of the Brechin Lagerstätte is best explained by an ecologically "complex" RAD model, which suggests species partitioned niches along multiple resource axes and/or the presence of multiple ecological ways of life. These results indicate that the Brechin Lagerstätte is significant not only for being the most taxonomically diverse Katian crinoid assemblage, but also for being an early ecologically complex fauna that developed in the wake of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.</p>
Paleocommunity composition, relative abundance, and new camerate crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte (Upper Ordovician)
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