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35 results for “carbon allocation”
Phenology and Carbon Allocation of Roots at Harvard Forest 2011-2013
The objective of this study is to estimate the phenology and partitioning of C allocated belowground across the growing season at Harvard Forest in two hardwood stands dominated by Quercus rubra and Fraxinus americana, respectively, and one conifer stand dominated by Tsuga canadensis. The phenology of fine root production was characterized by multiple flushes of growth and mortality, especially in the red oak (Q. rubra) stand. Root exudation rate did not have a clear seasonal signal. The deciduous hardwood stands allocated C belowground earlier in the season compared to the conifer-dominated stand. Deciduous stands also allocated a greater proportion of total belowground C flux (TBCF) to root growth compared to the conifer-dominated hemlock (T. canadensis) stand. Of the three stands, red oak partitioned the greatest proportion of TBCF (~50%) to root growth, while hemlock partitioned the least.
Soil nitrogen availability and acidity: effects on aboveground production and belowground carbon allocation in mid- and late-successional mixed temperate forests (2009-2021)
In 2011, an experimental nitrogen x pH manipulation study was initiated in mid- and late-successional mixed temperate forests in central New York, USA to disentangle the often-confounded roles of nitrogen (N) and soil pH in driving various ecosystem processes. This data package contains forest productivity (wood, litterfall, and aboveground net primary production), total belowground carbon flux (TBCF), and leaf litterfall and fine root chemistry (C and N concentration) data collected from all experimental plots. It also includes plot-level, species-weighted estimates of measured and modeled photosynthesis (Anet) for the late-successional stands. Wood production, litterfall production, and litterfall chemistry data were collected between 2009 and 2019. Aboveground net primary production data are reported for a pre-treatment interval (2009-2011) and the interval including years 6-9 of experimental treatment (2016-2019). All other properties were measured between years 9 and 11 of the experiment (2019-2021).
Block summaries of biomass, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus allocation among tissue types, species, and plant functional types from Arctic LTER 1981 Moist Acidic Tussock (MAT81) long-term experiment harvests: 2000 and 2015, Toolik Lake Field Station, Alaska.
A complete accounting of biomass, C, N, and P allocation both among tissue types (leaves, stems, rhizomes, roots) and among species and plant functional types from Arctic LTER 1981 Moist Acidic Tussock (MAT81) long-term experiment’s untreated control plots and plots that were fertilized annually, harvested after 20 and 35 years, near Toolik Lake Field Station, Alaska. Data are gram per meter squared summarized by block.
Soil organic matter and plant carbon allocated to nitrogen acquisition simulated by the FUN-BioCROP model
<p>This data package contains the model input, results, and validation data from Juice et al (citation below). The FUN-BioCROP model (Fixation and Uptake of Nitrogen- Bioenergy Carbon, Rhizosphere, Organisms, and Protection) advances the field of bioenergy modeling by integrating new empirical paradigms of the role of belowground processes in shaping coupled carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles. It was developed by modifying the FUN-CORPSE model (Fixation and Uptake of Nitrogen- Carbon, Organisms, Rhizosphere, and Protection in the Soil Environment, Sulman et al. 2017 Ecology Letters) for use in bioenergy systems by including mechanistic tillage, organic matter addition, nitrogen fertilization, harvest, and feedstock-specific parameters, and to be driven by DayCent plant productivity and biomass data.</p>
Data from: Radial stem growth of the clonal shrub Alnus alnobetula at treeline is constrained by summer temperature and winter desiccation and differs in carbon allocation strategy compared to co-occurring Pinus cembra
<p><strong>Data are documented in the following article:</strong></p> <p>Oberhuber W., G Wieser, F. Bernich, A. Gruber (2022) Radial stem growth of the clonal shrub <em>Alnus alnobetula</em> at treeline is constrained by summer temperature and winter desiccation and differs in carbon allocation strategy compared to co-occurring <em>Pinus cembra</em>. Forests 2022, 13, 440. doi: 10.3390/f13030440.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Summary:</strong></p> <p>Global change is affecting species areal distribution in many regions. A better understanding of how land-use change and climate warming affects shrub growth is essential for improved predictions of forest dynamics at the alpine treeline. Evaluation of radial stem growth of the clonal shrub <em>Alnus alnobetula</em> (= <em>Alnus viridis</em>) and the co-occurring tree species Swiss stone pine (<em>Pinus cembra</em>) within an alpine treeline ecotone revealed that mean ring width of nitrogen fixing <em>A. alnobetula</em> was about four times lower compared to <em>P. cembra</em>. Our findings are based on ring width data from <em>A. alnobetula</em> and <em>P. cembra</em> stems sampled at the alpine treeline ecotone on Mt. Patscherkofel (47°12’N, 11°27’E, Central European Alps, Austria, elevation range 2050 to 2190 m asl). Ring width time series include 86 radii from 51 stems of <em>A. alnobetula</em> (stems had mean age of 18±7 yrs) and 24 radii from 16 stems of <em>P. cembra </em>(18±4 yrs). We explain our findings by different carbon allocation strategies, i.e., preference of “vertical” stem growth in late successional <em>P. cembra</em> vs. favoring “horizontal” spread in the pioneer shrub<em> A. alnobetula.</em> By favouring clonal propagation over individual stem growth <em>A. alnobetula</em> is able to quickly spread at the alpine treeline ecotone.</p>
Data for mycorrhizal C/N ratio determines plant-derived carbon and nitrogen allocation to symbiosis
<p><span><span>Nutrient cycling in temperate forests is driven by carbon allocation of trees to soil via ectomycorrhizas (EM). The sink activities of different fungal taxa for host resources are unknown. Aboveground dual </span><span>labeling of young beech<span> with <sup>15</sup>N and <sup>13</sup>C was used to trace resource transport to ectomycorrhizal root tips. Isotope enrichment in EM correlated with that in the corresponding EM-attached lateral root, supporting that EM drive taxon-specific N- and C-fluxes. The enrichments with <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N in EM increased with decreasing C/N ratio of the symbiotic association. Abundances of EM species were positively correlated with <sup>13</sup>C enrichment, demonstrating higher fitness of stronger than of less C-demanding symbioses. Overall, our results imply that differences among the resource traits of EM species regulate the supply of the symbioses with host-derived C and N.</span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span>Here we provide the data sets containing information on the identities of fungal species colonizing roots tips of European beech and for N, C, 15N and 13C contents in bark, coarse roots, fine roots, very fine lateral roots, ectomycorrhizal species and rhizosphere soil and for biomass of the different compartments. The data were collected 5 and 20 days after labelling.</span></span></span></p>
Drought intensity alters productivity, carbon allocation, and plant nitrogen uptake in fast versus slow grassland communities
<p><span>Grasslands face more frequent and extreme droughts, yet their responses to increasing drought intensity are poorly understood. Increasing drought intensity likely triggers abrupt shifts (thresholds) in grassland ecosystem functioning which can implicate recovery trajectories. </span></p> <p><span>Here, we determined how drought intensity affects plant productivity, and plant-soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. We exposed model grassland plant communities with contrasting resource acquisition strategies (a fast- vs a slow-strategy plant community), to a gradient of drought intensity. The drought gradient ranged from well-watered to severely water-limited conditions. We identified thresholds of plant community productivity (above-ground biomass) at peak drought and two months after re-wetting, and measured net ecosystem exchange and ecosystem respiration of carbon throughout the drought and recovery phases. At peak drought and one week after re-wetting, we traced recently acquired C from plants to the soil and into microbial biomass and fatty acids using <sup>13</sup>C pulse labelling, and measured plant and soil N. </span></p> <p><span>At peak drought, slow-strategy plant communities were more drought resistant than fast-strategy communities, as the threshold in plant productivity occurred at a higher drought intensity for the slow- than the fast-strategy community. Shortly after re-wetting, microbial uptake of recent plant-assimilated C increased with increasing past drought intensity, coinciding with an increase in soil N availability and leaf N. Threshold responses to drought intensity at peak drought translated into non-linear recovery responses, with greater compensatory growth in the fast-strategy community. At peak drought, increasing drought intensity reduced C uptake and increased relative C partitioning to leaves and microbial biomass. Upon re-wetting, plant community strategy mediated drought intensity effects on plant and soil C and N dynamics and plant recovery trajectories. The fast strategy community recovered quickly, with higher leaf N than the slow community, while the slow community increased C allocation to microbial biomass. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Synthesis:</span></strong><span> Our findings highlight that C and N dynamics in the plant-soil system display non-linear responses to increasing drought intensity both during and after drought, which has implications for trajectories of plant community recovery. </span></p>
Data from: Soil moisture mediates the effect of plant belowground carbon allocation on the decomposition of root litter in a subtropical forest
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Drought intensity alters productivity, carbon allocation, and plant nitrogen uptake in fast versus slow grassland communities
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Data from: Climate change and exotic pathogens shift carbon allocation in Mediterranean mixed forests
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Data from: Increased belowground carbon allocation reduces soil carbon losses under long-term warming
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The impact of shade on whole-plant carbon allocation in an East African tree sapling
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Data for mycorrhizal C/N ratio determines plant-derived carbon and nitrogen allocation to symbiosis
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Data from: Grazing enhances belowground carbon allocation, microbial biomass, and soil carbon in a subtropical grassland
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Carbon allocation to the rhizosphere is affected by drought and nitrogen addition
<p>Photosynthetic carbon (C) allocated below-ground can be shared with mycorrhizal fungi in exchange for nutrients, but also added into soil as rhizodeposits that potentially increases plant nutrient supply by supporting microbial nutrient mineralization from organic matter. How water and nitrogen (N) availabilities affect plant C allocation to the rhizosphere, including both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbionts and rhizodeposits, remains largely unknown.</p> <p>We used a <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> pulse labelling experiment to assess effects of drought and N addition on below-ground allocation of C to soils and roots (quantified as excess <sup>13</sup>C) and tested their relationships with AMF colonization in an Australian grassland. We also examined relationships between AMF and previously reported root respiration and decomposition of rhizodeposits in this study.</p> <p>We found that drought decreased the absolute amount of excess <sup>13</sup>C allocated to both soils and roots, likely due to less photosynthetic C fixation. In contrast, proportionally more excess <sup>13</sup>C was allocated to soils but less to root biomass with drought, suggesting that relatively more C was allocated to rhizodeposits and to AMF hyphal growth and extension. However, N addition reversed drought effects on below-ground C allocation by retaining proportionally more excess <sup>13</sup>C in roots and less in soils, congruent with higher soil N and phosphorus availabilities, root biomass, and number of root tips compared to drought without N addition. This suggests that alleviation of nutrient limitation promoted plants to expend relatively more C on root growth and root trait adjustment, but less C on rhizodeposition and mycorrhizal symbiosis.</p> <p><i>Synthesis</i>. Mycorrhizal colonization related negatively to rhizodeposit decomposition rate but positively to both excess <sup>13</sup>C in root biomass and root respiration, suggesting a possible tradeoff in C allocation between mycorrhizal symbiosis and rhizodeposition. We conclude that below-ground C allocation in this grassland can be mediated by mycorrhizal colonization and is strongly affected by water and nutrient availability.</p>
Data from: Ecosystem carbon density and allocation across a chronosequence of longleaf pine forests
Forests can partially offset greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation, mainly through increases in live biomass. We quantified carbon (C) density in 20 managed longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests ranging in age from five to 118 years located across the southeastern USA and estimated above and belowground C trajectories. Ecosystem C stock (all pools including soil C) and aboveground live tree C increased nonlinearly with stand age and the modeled asymptotic maxima were 168 Mg C/ha and 80 Mg C/ha, respectively. Accumulation of ecosystem C with stand age was driven mainly by increases in aboveground live tree C, which ranged from <1 Mg C/ha to 74 Mg C/ha and comprised <1% to 39% of ecosystem C. Live root C (sum of below-stump C, ground penetrating radar measurement of lateral root C, and live fine root C) increased with stand age and represented 4% to 22% of ecosystem C. Soil C was related to site index, but not to stand age, and comprised 39% to 92% of ecosystem C. Live understory C, forest floor C, down dead wood C and standing dead wood C were small fractions of ecosystem C in these frequently burned stands. Stand age and site index accounted for 76% of the variation in ecosystem C among stands. The mean root to shoot ratio calculated as the average across all stands (excluding the grass stage stand) was 0.54 (standard deviation of 0.19) and higher than reports for other conifers. Long-term accumulation of live tree C, combined with the larger role of belowground accumulation of lateral root C than in other forest types, indicates a role of longleaf pine forests in providing disturbance-resistant C storage that can balance the more rapid C accumulation and C removal associated with more intensively managed forests. Although other managed southern pine systems sequester more C over the short-term, we suggest that longleaf pine forests can play a meaningful role in regional forest C management.
Data from: Land use in mountain grasslands alters drought response and recovery of carbon allocation and plant-microbial interactions
1. Mountain grasslands have recently been exposed to substantial changes in land-use and climate and in the near future will likely face an increased frequency of extreme droughts. To date is not known how the drought responses of carbon (C) allocation, a key process in the C cycle, are affected by land-use changes in mountain grassland. 2. We performed an experimental summer drought on an abandoned grassland and a traditionally managed hay meadow and traced the fate of recent assimilates through the plant-soil continuum. We applied two 13CO2 pulses, at peak drought and in the recovery phase shortly after rewetting. 3. Drought decreased total C uptake in both grassland types and led to a loss of aboveground carbohydrate storage pools. The belowground C allocation to root sucrose was enhanced by drought, especially in the meadow, which also held larger root carbohydrate storage pools. 4. The microbial community of the abandoned grassland comprised more saprotrophic fungal and Gram (+) bacterial markers compared to the meadow. Drought increased the newly introduced AM and saprotrophic fungi:bacteria ratio in both grassland types. At peak drought the 13C transfer into AM fungi, saprotrophic fungi and Gram (-) bacteria was more strongly reduced in the meadow than in the abandoned grassland, which contrasted the patterns of the root carbohydrate pools. 5. In both grassland types the C allocation largely recovered after rewetting. Slowest recovery was found for AM fungi and their 13C uptake. In contrast, all bacterial markers quickly recovered C uptake. In the meadow, where plant nitrate uptake was enhanced after drought, C uptake was even higher than in control plots. 6. Synthesis. Our results suggest that resistance and resilience (i.e. recovery) of plant C dynamics and plant-microbial interactions are negatively related, i.e. high resistance is followed by slow recovery and vice versa. The abandoned grassland was more resistant to drought than the meadow and possibly had a stronger link to AM fungi that could have provided better access to water through the hyphal network. In contrast, meadow communities strongly reduced C allocation to storage and C transfer to the microbial community in the drought phase, but in the recovery phase invested C resources in the bacterial communities to gain more nutrients for regrowth. We conclude that management of mountain grasslands increases their resilience to drought.
Forest disturbances and climate constrain carbon allocation dynamics in trees
<p>Forest disturbances such as drought, fire and logging affect the forest carbon dynamics and the terrestrial carbon sink. Forest mortality after disturbances creates uncertainties that need to be accounted for to understand forest dynamics and their associated C-sink. We combined data from permanent resampling plots and biomass oriented dendroecological plots to estimate time series of annual woody biomass growth (ABI) in several forests. ABI time series were used to benchmark a vegetation model to analyze dynamics in forest productivity and carbon allocation forced by environmental variability. The model implements source and sink limitations explicitly by dynamically constraining carbon allocation of assimilated photosynthates as a function of temperature and moisture. Bias in tree-ring reconstructed ABI increased back in time from data collection and with increasing disturbance intensity. ABI bias ranged from zero, in open stands without recorded mortality, to over 100% in stands with major disturbances such as thinning or snowstorms. Stand leaf area was still lower than in control plots decades after heavy thinning. Disturbances, species life-history strategy and climatic variability affected carbon partioning patterns in trees. Resprouting broadleaves reached maximum biomass growth at earlier ages than nonresprouting conifers. Environmental variability and leaf area explained much variability in woody biomass allocation. <span>Effects of </span>stand competition on C-allocation were mediated by changes in stand leaf area except after major disturbances. Divergence between tree-ring estimated and simulated ABI were caused by unaccounted changes in allocation or misrepresentation of some functional process independently of the model calibration approach. Higher disturbance intensity produced greater modifications of the C-allocation pattern, increasing error in reconstructed biomass dynamics. Legacy effects from disturbances decreased model performance and reduce the potential use of ABI as a proxy to net primary productivity. Trait-based dynamics of C-allocation in response to environmental variability need to be refined in vegetation models.</p>
Effects of habitat types on the dynamic changes of allocation in carbon and nitrogen storage of vegetation-soil system in sandy grasslands
<p>The progressive restoration of degraded vegetation in semiarid and arid desertified areas undoubtedly formed different habitat types. The most plants regulate their growth by fixing carbon with their energy deriving from photosynthesis, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) play the crucial role in regulating plant growth, community structure and function in the vegetation restoration progress. However, it is still unclear how habitat types affect the dynamic changes of allocation in C and N storage of vegetation-soil system in sandy grasslands. Here, we investigated plant community characteristics and soil properties across three successional stages of habitat types: semi-fixed dunes (SFD), fixed dunes (FD) and grasslands (G) in 2011, 2013 and 2015. We also examined the C and N concentrations of vegetation-soil system, and estimated their C and N storage. The C and N storage of vegetation system, soil and vegetation-soil system remarkably increased from SFD to G. The litter C and N storage in SFD, N storage of vegetation system in SFD and N storage of soil and vegetation-soil system in FD increased from 2011 to 2015, while aboveground plant C and N storage of FD were higher in 2011 than in 2013 and 2015. Most of C and N were sequestered in soil in the vegetation restoration progress. These results suggest that the dynamic changes of allocation in C and N storage in vegetation-soil systems varied with habitat types. Our study highlights that SFD has higher N sequestration rate in vegetation, while FD has the considerably N sequestration rate in the soil.</p>
Individual and interactive effects of warming and nitrogen supply on CO2 fluxes and carbon allocation in subarctic grassland
<p>We provide data (Data_all.xlsx) and the code for ecosystem productivity, soil respiration, carbon allocation in the shoot, root, soil, and microbes, and nitrogen and carbon availability in plant, soil, and microbes data. The measurements were made under soil warming gradient and under N fertilization treatment during the summer of 2018.</p> <p>The sheet '13C_allocation' contains data on excess <sup>13</sup>C in the plant, soil, and soil respiration for days 1,3,6, and 10 days after <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> pulse labeling. </p> <p>The sheet 'primary productivity' contains data on ecosystem fluxes (Gross primary productivity; Net ecosystem productivity and Dark respiration).</p> <p>The sheet 'SR' contains data of soil respiration.</p> <p>The sheet 'dynamics.' contains data of continuous measurements of soil respired CO<sub>2</sub> (SR), <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> (SR13C), soil water content(SWC), soil temperature (ST), and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and air temperature (Tair).</p> <p>The sheet 'Soil_N' consists of dissolved organic N (TdN), NH<sub>4</sub>, and NO<sub>3</sub> measured in soil. The sheet plant_N consists of N in plants. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) are provided in the sheet 'Microbial_Biomass'</p> <p>The R file 'Script. R' explains and plots the data. In addition, this R file also provides the script for time series regression analysis between response variables (soil-respired CO<sub>2</sub> and soil-respired <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>) and environmental drivers (soil water content, soil temperature, and PAR), and provides the script for structural equation modeling (SEM) and linear mixed effects model and statistics.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.