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Fig. 4 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 4. Scytodid egg-sac. (A) Typical egg-sac of Scytodes cavernarum, S. fusca and the Philippines Scytodes sp. 2; and (B) Scytodes magna egg-sac. Note the denser silk surrounding the eggs of S. magna.

Fig. 8 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 8. Reproductive traits of five cave species of scytodids. (A) Mean (± S.E.) total number of spiderlings per female; (B) mean (± S.E.) egg hatching time (d); (C) mean (± S.E.) interval (d) between clutches; (D) mean (± S.E.) interval (d) between hatching and the next egg-sac production; (E) mean (± S.E.) number of clutches; and (F) mean (± S.E.) number of spiderlings per clutch. Different lower cases indicate significant differences.

Fig. 3 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 3. Maternal care of egg-sacs in spitting spiders. (A) Scytodes fusca female carrying her egg-sac in her chelicerae. (B) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 female on the surface of the outer cave walls, staying close to her egg-sac. The egg-sac is suspended by two to three threads. (C) Web constructed by S. magna female. Her egg-sac is suspended by a few threads at the centre of the web.

Fig. 2 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 2. The 'cage within a cage' set-up for studying the natal dispersal patterns of scytodid spiders. Modified from Ruttan (1990).

Fig. 1 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 1. Four species of cave scytodid spiders. (A) female and (B) male Scytodes magna, body length = 10.5 mm; (C) female and (D) male S. fusca, body length = 5.8 mm; (E) female Philippines Scytodes sp. 2, body length = 5.6mm; and (F) female S. cavernarum, body length = 5.3 mm.

Fig. 6 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 6. Newly emerged Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 spiderlings spread out on the sparse silk nest, and female feeding on house fly alone. Body length of adult female = 11.5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour

Fig. 7. Relationship between the days in which spiderlings dispersed and spiderling mass in five cave scytodid species. (A) Scytodes fusca; (B) S. carvernarum; (C) Philippines Scytodes sp. 2.; (D) S. magna; and (E) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1.

Fig. 13 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 13: The effect of hydrodynamics inside the Y-Cave, the location behind section B-B' (Fig. 2) at 5.5 m of depth, where the unusually coloured sediment sample was collected for analysis.

Fig. 12 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 12: Limestone tablets from the three representative sites after the 1-year exposure period: A) with bioaccumulation at site 1; B) corroded at site 3; C) abraded at site 6 (Fig. 3, Tab. 1).

Fig. 11 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 11: Cave features: A) stalactites in the chamber with the air pocket (section C-C'); B) submerged stalagmites and flowstones with a lack of marine cave biota (section C-C'); C) submerged scallops (asymmetrical, cuspate, oyster-shell-shaped dissolution depressions in the cave walls used as an indicator of flow direction; Murphy, 2012), (section D-D'); D) corroded cave walls (section F-F').

Fig. 5 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 5: The annual variation of temperature along the Y-Cave (from August 23–27, 2003 to July 4/October 8, 2004). Measurement positions are given in Fig. 3 and depths in Table 1.

Fig. 10 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 10: The mass (m.f.) and volume fractions (v.f.) of four sediment categories in the sediment sample collected behind section B-B' (Fig. 2), at 5.5 m of depth inside the Y-Cave; A) detrital terrigenous sediment>4 mm, B) mixed biogenic and terrigenous detritus, C) shells of gastropod Homalopoma sanguineum, D) other biogenic material – shells, tests and skeletons of other marine organisms.

Fig. 4 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 4: Living communities inside the Y-Cave: A) the entrance part of the cave, vertical wall, depth 9 m, biocenosis of semi-dark caves (GSO, see text for explanation of acronym) dominated by numerous sponge species; B) the entrance part of the cave, ceiling, depth 6 m, GSO dominated by scleractinian coral Leptopsammia pruvoti; C) the entrance part of the cave, overhang, depth 7 m, GSO dominated by scleractinian coral Madracis pharensis; D) the entrance part of the cave, vertical wall (near the bottom), depth 9 m, GSO, a large specimen of the orange sponge Agelas oroides dominates the photo; E) the middle part of the cave, in front of the section C-C', bottom, depth 10 m, a massive white specimen of the sponge Chondrosia reniformis; F) the middle part of the cave, between sections C-C' and D-D', vertical wall and overhang, depth 5 m, the transition from GSO to biocenosis of caves and ducts in total darkness (GO, see text for explanation of acronym), the community is dominated by serpulids; G) the middle part of the cave, between sections C-C' and D-D', vertical wall, depth 5 m, transition from GSO to GO, a dense population of brachiopod Novocrania anomala, encrusting sponge Placospongia decorticans and serpulids; H) the end part of the cave, near the section G-G', vertical wall with overhang and horizontal shelf, depth 6 m, GO with scarce calcareous sponges and serpulids (see Fig. 2 for position of the sections).

Fig. 1 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 1: The non-linear relationship between CO and Ca2+ con2 centrations in H 2O-CO2-CaCO3 solution. Each mixture (e.g. C) of the saturated solutions A and B lies on the straight line between them in the zone of undersaturation with respect to calcite, producing an aggressive solution that dissolves the surrounding carbonate (after Gabrovšek & Dreybrodt (2010)).

Fig. 8 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 8: Temperature, salinity and depth profiles recorded with the CTD probe during a dive inside the Y-Cave (August 27, 2003), 1 – vertical profile at the cave opening; 2 – vertical profile inside the cave entrance part; 3 – vertical profile at the turning point, section C-C'; 4 to 6 – vertical profiles in the inner part of the cave: 4 at approximately section E-E', 5 at approximately section G-G' and 6 at approximately section H-H'.

Fig. 3 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 3: The positions of temperature and light intensity data loggers inside the Y-Cave (dark circles - temperature data loggers; white circles - light intensity data loggers). Four loggers with their photosensitive cell facing upwards are marked with a black dot; the remaining cells were positioned to face the entrance of the cave.

Fig. 9 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 9: Variation of light intensity over a period of 11 days (June 19–30, 2006) at representative sites within the Y-Cave (Fig. 3): logger 1 – the entrance of the cave; logger 4 – the central part of the cave; logger 10 – the innermost part of the cave.

Fig. 6 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 6: The comparison of the tidal (solid line) and temperature (dashed line) fluctuation from February 2–8, 2004. Temperature records are from logger 4 (Fig. 3), and tides from the nearest tide gauge in Zadar port.

Fig. 7 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 7: Vertical temperature profiles inside and outside the YCave taken with the CTD probe (August 27, 2003); the profile labelled with a dotted line was taken at approximately section H-H', the profile labelled with a solid line at approximately section G-G'.

Fig. 2 in Biological response to geochemical and hydrological processes in a shallow submarine cave

Fig. 2: The location, cross-section and layout of the Y-Cave on Dugi Otok Island, Croatia, with characteristic profiles.