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68 results for “cave evolution”
Evolution of left-right asymmetry in the sensory system and foraging behavior during adaptation to food-sparse cave environments
<p>Laterality in relation to behavior and sensory systems is found commonly in a variety of animal taxa. Despite the advantages conferred by laterality (e.g., the startle response and complex motor activities), little is known about the evolution of laterality and its plasticity in response to ecological demands. In the present study, a comparative study model, the Mexican tetra (<em>Astyanax mexicanus</em>), composed of two morphotypes, i.e., riverine surface fish and cave-dwelling cavefish, was used to address the relationship between environment and laterality. The use of a machine learning-based fish posture detection system and sensory ablation revealed that the left cranial lateral line significantly supports one type of foraging behavior, i.e., vibration attraction behavior, in one cave population. Additionally, left-right asymmetric approaches toward a vibrating rod became symmetrical after fasting in one cave population but not in the other populations. Based on these findings, we propose a model explaining how the observed sensory laterality and behavioral shift could help adaptation in terms of the tradeoff in energy gain and loss during foraging according to differences in food availability among caves.</p> <p>This repository contains all of raw videos used in this study.</p> <p>Please let us know if you have any question on these videos</p>
Fig. 1 in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)
Fig. 1 Hypothetical phylogeny with an evolutionarily relict species and different cases of character state reconstruction. Different shapes indicated different characters. Empty shapes indicate an ancestral state, black shapes indicate a derived state, and gray shapes indicate an intermediate (possibly transitional) state. For the circle-character, the relict species shares a derived state with the most closely related species (synapomorphy). For the square-character, it shares an ancestral state with the other more distantly related species (symplesiomorphy). For the triangle-character, it has an apparently intermediate state between an ancestral state and a derived state (possibly transitional)
Fig. 6 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)
Fig. 6 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n., Macronicophilus, and another Geophilidae: a–c forcipular segment, ventral view; d–f forcipular segment, dorsal view; g–i ultimate leg-bearing segment of adult ♀, without telopodites, ventral view; j–o, right leg of the ultimate pair, ventral view. Line drawings from photos, setae omitted: a, d, g, j PD-G 1359; b, e, m ISLA 11879; c, f, i, n PD-G 230; h, l ISLA 12866; o PD-G 1510. Redrawn from: k Pereira et al., 2000
Fig. 2 in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)
Fig. 2 Living specimen of Plutogeophilus jurupariquibaba gen.n. sp.n. in the Areias de Cima cave, 7.IV.2012 (photo by Robson Zampaulo)
Fig. 7 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)
Fig. 7 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n., Macronicophilus, and another Geophilidae: a–c labrum, ventral view; d–f, left pretarsus of second maxillae, ventral view; g–i, metasternite at ca. 20% of the antero-posterior series of leg-bearing segments, ventral view. Line drawings from photos, setae omitted: a, d, g PD-G 1359; b, e, h ISLA 11879; c, f, i PD-G 230
Fig. 5 in Morphology and distribution of the cave knifefish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from Central Brazil, with an expanded diagnosis and comments on subterranean evolution
Fig. 5. Preserved specimen of Eigenmannia vicentespelaea with no visible eyes and pale aspect (LEA: 67.6 mm). a. Entire individual. Scale bar, 10 mm; b. Detail of head with no visible eyes. Scale bar, 5 mm. Photos: M. E. Bichuette.
Fig. 3 in Morphology and distribution of the cave knifefish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from Central Brazil, with an expanded diagnosis and comments on subterranean evolution
Fig. 3. Ocular diameter:head length proportions, standard deviations and confidence intervals for Eigenmannia vicentespelaea (n = 25) and Eigenmannia sp. (n = 15) from São Domingos karst area, Central Brazil. *outliers; 1, E. vicentespelaea; 2, Eigenmannia sp. collected in epigean river; 3, Eigenmannia sp. collected in subterranean stream reaches; horizontal bars, medians.
Fig. 2 in Morphology and distribution of the cave knifefish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from Central Brazil, with an expanded diagnosis and comments on subterranean evolution
Fig. 2. Length (LEA) medians (horizontal bars), standard deviations and confidence intervals for Eigenmannia vicentespelaea (n = 25) and Eigenmannia sp. (n = 15) from São Domingos karst area, Central Brazil. *outliers; 1, E. vicentespelaea; 2, Eigenmannia sp. collected in epigean river; 3, Eigenmannia sp. collected in subterranean stream reaches.
Fig. 1 in Morphology and distribution of the cave knifefish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from Central Brazil, with an expanded diagnosis and comments on subterranean evolution
Fig. 1. Sinkhole of São Vicente Cave System, São Domingos karst area, Goiás State, Central Brazil – type locality of Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996. Photo: E. M. Bichuette.
Figure 7 in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 7. Schrankia howarthi, Keamoku Cave, Hawaii Island, dark zone, slide 35787, chaetotaxy of late instar larva. A, lateral diagram of prothorax (T1), mesothorax (T2), and abdominal segments 1, 2, 6, 8, and 9. B, dorsal view of head. C, ventral view of head. D, lateral view of head. E, dorsal view of abdominal segments 8–10. F, dorsal view of labrum. G, ventral view of labrum. H, right mandible.
Figure 11. Maximum likelihood phylogram. Bootstrap values greater than 50 in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 11. Maximum likelihood phylogram. Bootstrap values greater than 50% are illustrated on tree as first value; Bayesian posterior probabilities are the second value. Values <50 are not labelled. Colours represent islands (black is Hawaii Island; red is Maui, blue is Oahu; green is Kauai). Asterisks denote flightless individuals. Black circles represent dark-zone morph Schrankia howarthi; grey circles represent twilight-zone individuals. Locality information for individual moths may be found in the Appendix.
Figure 3. Hawaiian Schrankia adults. A in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 3. Hawaiian Schrankia adults. A, Schrankia altivolans, ♀, Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve, Stainback Highway, 930 m, on tree trunk, Hawaii Island (8.8 mm). B, S. altivolans, ♂, Aaa Kukai Cave, twilight zone, Hawaii Island (8.6 mm). C, S. altivolans, paratype ♂, Kaumana Cave, dark zone, Hawaii Island (5.5 mm). D, S. altivolans, ♂, Kealakekua Ranch Shelter Cave, twilight-dark zone, Hawaii Island (8.0 mm). E, Schrankia howarthi, paratype ♂, Kealakekua Ranch Shelter Cave, twilight zone, Hawaii Island (7.5 mm). F, S. howarthi, paratype ♂, Kealakakua Ranch Stone Wall Cave, twilight zone, Hawaii Island (6.5 mm). G, S. howarthi, paratype ♂, Kazumura Cave, dark zone, Hawaii Island (7.0 mm); H, S. howarthi, paratype ♂, Kealakekua Ranch Shelter Cave, dark zone, Hawaii Island (5.5 mm); I, S. howarthi, holotype ♂, Keauhou Ranch, Keamoku Cave, dark zone, Hawaii Island (5.8 mm). J, S. howarthi, paratype ♂, Ulupalakua Cave, dark zone, Maui Island (5.3 mm). Forewing lengths shown in parentheses.
Figure 6 in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 6. Schrankia ♀ genitalia. A, Schrankia altivolans, slide 33867, Hawaii Island: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Field Research Center; B, Schrankia howarthi, slide 17505, Hawaii Island: Kealakekua Ranch Shelter Cave.
Figure 5 in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 5. Schrankia ♂ genitalia. A, Schrankia altivolans, slide 04a78, Maui Island: Haleakala National Park, Hosmer Grove; B, S. altivolans, slide 33088, Hawaii Island: Bird Park Cave; C, Schrankia howarthi, slide 33081, Hawaii Island: Kazumura Cave; D, S. howarthi, slide 33082, Hawaii Island: Keamoku Cave; E, S. howarthi, slide 4327, Hawaii Island: Stonewall Cave; F, S. howarthi, slide 32929, Maui Island: Ulupalakua Cave.
Figure 2 in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 2. Schrankia howarthi, habitat, larval feeding and pupation sites. A, dense concentration of tree roots from ceiling of Pahoa Cave, Hawaii Island. B, larva feeding on root, Kazumura Cave, Hawaii Island. C, adult resting on pupal cocoon, Kaumana Cave, Hawaii Island, twilight zone. D, adult resting on pupal cocoon, Pahoa Cave, Hawaii I., dark zone.
Figure 9. Schrankia howarthi, slide 28776, late instar larva. A in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 9. Schrankia howarthi, slide 28776, late instar larva. A, apex of maxillary palpus (5 Mm). B, dorsal view of labial palpi and spinneret (20 Mm). C, ventral view of pro- and mesothorax (200 Mm). D, caudal detail of tactile vesicles in C (50 Mm). E, caudal view of metathoracic leg (100 Mm). F, lateral view of mesothoracic pretarsal claw (38 Mm). Scale lengths given in parentheses.
Figure 8 in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 8. Schrankia howarthi, Keamoku Cave, Hawaii Island, dark zone, slide 28776, late instar larva. A, ventral view of head with antennae fully extended and prothorax (0.43 mm). B, lateral view of head (100 Mm). C, detail of stemmatal area in B (50 Mm). D, anterior view of retracted antenna (20 Mm). E, lateral view of antenna (43 Mm). F, anterior view of maxilla (20 Mm). Scale lengths given in parentheses.
Figure 10. Schrankia howarthi, slide 28776, late instar larva. A in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 10. Schrankia howarthi, slide 28776, late instar larva. A, spiracular area of third abdominal segment (10 Mm). B, third abdominal spiracle (5 Mm). C, detail of third abdominal cuticle (5 Mm). D, left proleg of abdominal segment 5 (100 Mm); A, anterior, L, lateral. Scale lengths shown in parentheses.
Figure 1 in Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species
Figure 1. Phylogenetic patterns predicted by three hypotheses of cave colonization. A, climatic relict hypothesis (CRH): The hypogean sister species to the troglobite is extinct, and the next most related species has an allopatric distribution with the troglobite. B, adaptive shift hypothesis (ASH): The hypogean sister species, if extant, and the troglobite have a parapatric distribution. C, exaptation. Here, speciation has not occurred and populations of one species occur in both the hypogean and epigean environments. OG, outgroup; H, hypogean species or population, T, troglobitic species or population.
Fig. 4 in Morphology and distribution of the cave knifefish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from Central Brazil, with an expanded diagnosis and comments on subterranean evolution
Fig. 4. Regression between OD and LEA in Eigenmannia vicentespelaea (n = 25).
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