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FIG. 5. — Undated female red deer upper left canine from Abri des Autours. A in The worked bone industry and intrusive fauna associated with the prehistoric cave burials of Abri des Autours (Belgium)

FIG. 5. — Undated female red deer upper left canine from Abri des Autours. A, general view; B, detail of perforation; C, detail of the crown with remaining traces of enamel (arrow). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, C, 1 mm.

FIG. 7 in The worked bone industry and intrusive fauna associated with the prehistoric cave burials of Abri des Autours (Belgium)

FIG. 7. — Needle made of a suid left fibula, from the Neolithic collective burial at Abri des Autours: A, general view; B, detail of the tip showing a smooth polish associated with fine and short striations; C, detail of the posterior edge near the point, showing fine parallel striations; D, detail of the posterior edge at the midpoint of the tool, showing smooth polish. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, C, D, 150 μm.

FIG. 2 in The worked bone industry and intrusive fauna associated with the prehistoric cave burials of Abri des Autours (Belgium)

FIG. 2. — Plan of Abri des Autours: A, circular depression; B, rubble of old (unpublished) excavations; C, crack in the rock; D, pit under low wall (from Polet & Cauwe 2007).

FIG. 6 in The worked bone industry and intrusive fauna associated with the prehistoric cave burials of Abri des Autours (Belgium)

FIG. 6. — Pointed rib of a large bovid, from the Neolithic collective burial at Abri des Autours: A, general view (from left to right: internal, centre and external views); B, detail of the tip (internal view) showing some polish; C, detail of the tip (internal view) showing fine perpendicular striations; D, detail of a lateral edge of the rib devoid of striations. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, 500 μm; C, D, 100 μm.

FIG. 3 in The worked bone industry and intrusive fauna associated with the prehistoric cave burials of Abri des Autours (Belgium)

FIG. 3. — Stratigraphy of Abri des Autours, east–west profile (modified from Cauwe 1994): 1a, b, clay, without pebbles; 2, as layer 6, but with more clay; 3a, brown, argillaceous deposit with small, densely dispersed pebbles; 3b, as layer 3a, but less humic. Contains the Neolithic multiple burial; 3c, as layer 3a, but strongly compacted by calcite precipitations; 4, clay with fine pebbles; 5a, b, cryoclastic deposit without humic or clayish fraction; layer 5b corresponds to very fine gravels, while layer 5a includes larger elements. The Mesolithic single burial extends through both of these layers; 6, brown-grey clayey deposit, strongly inclined. Contains the Mesolithic collective burial; 7, cryoclastic layer, included in clayey orange-brown sediment; 8, thin pebble deposit mixed with greyish sediment; 9, low wall constructed of unworked stone blocks.

FIGURE 112. A in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 112. A diagrammatic representation of cave zones commonly found at Lava Beds National Monument, and some of the organisms which can be found in these areas. (From Taylor and Krejca, 2006, Figure 77.)

FIGURE 110 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 110. Relationship between soil temperature and relative humidity (2 cm below surface), and light, and approximate cave zones delineated on these metrics. Data obtained during 2 June – 4 August 2005 sampling period at lava tube caves in Lava Beds National Monument, California. (From Taylor and Krejca, 2006, Figure 8b.)

FIGURE 98 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 98 (top left). Planthopper nymph on roots, about 5 mm, Achilidae, Windeler Cave, Tuolumne Co. WRE. FIGURE 99 (top right). Planthopper adult, 5–10 mm, McLean's Cave, Tuolumne Co. WRE. FIGURE 100 (center left). Roots with a planthopper and spider in Overhang Cave, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 101 (center right). Roots with a Tomocerus collembolan in Crystal Sequoia Cave, Tulare Co. JD. FIGURE 102 (bottom left). Horsehair worm, 5–10 cm long, Nematomorpha, a parasite that probably erupted from a cave cricket in Lilburn Cave, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 103 (bottom right). Submerged roots in Big Spring, the lower part of Lilburn Cave, Tulare Co. JK. Photographers: Joel Despain, William R. Elliott, Jean Krejca.

FIGURE 84 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 84 (left). Eleodes dentipes, trogloxenic or troglophilic tenebrionid beetle, about 25 mm long, Crystal Palace, Tuolumne Co. Photographer: William R. Elliott. FIGURE 85 (right). Corynorhinus townsendii townsendii, Western big-eared bat, about 10 cm long, Coral Reef Cave, Lava Beds National Monument. The torpid bat's right ear is rolled up to conserve body heat. Photographers: Jean Krejca and Steve Taylor.

FIGURE 66 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 66 (top left). Cambalid millipede, Spirostreptida, Cambalidae, Kaweah Cave Tulare Co., Sequoia National Park. JK. FIGURE 67 (top right). Sinella sp., 2 mm, Entomobryomorpha, an entomobryid springtail, Hidden Cave, Tulare Co., Sequoia National Park. JK. FIGURE 68 (center left). Tomocerus springtails (collembolans), 3 mm, Tomoceridae, are typically grayish and relatively large, Hidden Cave. JK. FIGURE 69 (center right). Poduromorph collembolan, 2 mm, Kaweah Cave. JK. FIGURE 70 (bottom left). Haplocampa sp., Campodeidae, a new species of two-pronged bristletail, probably troglobitic, Nirvana Cave, Lava Beds National Monument, Siskiyou Co. JK and ST. FIGURE 71 (bottom right). Two-pronged bristletail (Japygidae), about 5 mm long, McLean's Cave, Tuolumne Co. WRE. Photographers: William R. Elliott, Jean Krejca, Steve Taylor.

FIGURE 54 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 54 (top left). Thymoites sp., 1.7 mm, Theridiidae, Lava Beds, Siskiyou Co. JK and ST. FIGURE 55 (top right). Uloborus diversus, 4 mm, Uloboridae, a cribellate orb weaver in standard posture, a female from Windy Pit, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 56 (center left). Strigamia sp., Linotaeiidae, 6 cm, geophilomorph centipede on a marble wall, Kaweah Cave, Tulare Co., Sequoia National Park. JK. FIGURE 57 (center right). Lithobiomorph centipede, 3.5 cm, preying on a young millipede, Big Painted Cave, Lava Beds National Monument. JK and ST. FIGURE 58 (bottom left). Lithobiomorph centipede, 4 cm, troglophile, in Lange Cave, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 59 (bottom right). A symphylan (Symphyla), 3 mm, from Hidden Cave, Tulare Co. JK. Photographers: Jean Krejca, Steve Taylor.

FIGURE 42 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 42 (top left). Pimoa hespera sub-adult male, 7 mm, Pimoidae, Beulah Cave, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 43 (top right). Meta dolloff female, 15 mm, Tetragnathidae, Dolloff Cave, Santa Cruz Co. This troglophilic species is not modified for cave life, but has not been collected outside of caves. JML. FIGURE 44 (center left). Meta dolloff male, 11 mm, Empire Cave, Santa Cruz Co. JML. FIGURE 45 (center right). Cybaeus sp., 8 mm, Cybaeidae, female spider preying on a two-pronged bristletail (Japygidae), Clough Cave, Tulare Co., Sequoia National Park. JK. FIGURE 46 (bottom left). Blabomma n. sp. no. 2, 3 mm, Dictynidae, juvenile of the troglobitic species from Windeler Cave, Tuolumne Co. WRE. FIGURE 47 (bottom right). Yorima n. sp., 5 mm, Dictynidae, female of a troglobite from Clough Cave, Tulare Co. JK. Photographers: William R. Elliott, Jean Krejca, Joel M. Ledford.

FIGURE 12 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 12 (top left). California sea lions huddle on a ledge in Painted Cave, a sea cave on Santa Cruz Island. DB. FIGURE 13 (top right). Sea cave life on Anacapa Island, Ventura Co.; white anemones and sponges have lost their mutualistic algae in the cave's darkness. Image 25–30 cm wide. DB. FIGURE 14 (center left). Brackenridgia heroldi, 6 mm, Trichoniscidae, troglophile, Clough Cave. JK. FIGURE 15 (center right). Uroctonites sequoia, 4 cm, Vaejovidae, troglophilic scorpion, Clough Cave, Tulare Co., Sequoia National Park. JK. FIGURE 16 (bottom left). Uroctonus mordax scorpion, 5 cm, trogloxene, Clough Cave. JK. FIGURE 17 (bottom right). Hubbardia pentapeltis, about 5 mm, a male schizomid or short-tailed whipscorpion from southern California, similar to Hubbardia shoshonensis from Shoshone Cave. The male's flagellum (tail) is sculpted, the female's is simple. MH. Photographers: Dave Bunnell, Marshal Hedin, Jean Krejca.

FIGURE 24 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 24 (top left). Sitalcina californica, 1.7 mm, Phalangodidae, troglophilic harvestman, Stearns Cave, Santa Cruz Co. JML. FIGURE 25 (top right). Ortholasma colossus, 4 mm, Nemastomatidae, troglophilic harvestman, Bear Den Cave, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 26 (center left). Sabacon briggsi, Sabaconidae, 3 mm, trogloxene?, Empire Cave, Santa Cruz Co. JML. FIGURE 27 (center right). Zuma acuta, 1.5 mm, Sclerobunidae, troglophilic harvestman, Empire Cave, Santa Cruz Co. JML. FIGURE 28 (bottom left). Chernetid pseudoscorpion, 3 mm, Walk Softly Cave, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 29 (bottom right). Undetermined troglobitic pseudoscorpion, 2mm, Lyon's Road Cave, Siskiyou Co. JK, ST. Photographers: Jean Krejca, Joel M. Ledford, Steve Taylor.

FIGURE 113 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 113. Scatterplot and linear regression of SR (species richness) for 221 caves vs. their vertical cave depth. Although the correlation is low, the positive regression is statistically significant (two-tailed test, p = 0.008) indicating that deeper caves are richer in species than shallow caves. However, the true ecological relationship may be with moisture/humidity rather than cave depth. Shallow caves tend to be warmer and drier, which are less hospitable for moisture-sensitive arthropods.

FIGURE 86 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 86 (top left). A mycetophilid fungus gnat adult, 6 mm, Empire Cave. JML FIGURE 87 (top right). Limonia nubeculosa, a limoniid crane fly, 10 mm, Empire Cave. JML. FIGURE 88 (center left). A large crane fly, Tipulidae, about 50 mm wingspan, Windy Pit, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 89 (center right). Triphosa haesitata, 16 mm, Geometridae, twilight moth, Stump Cave, Santa Cruz Co. JML. FIGURE 90 (bottom left). Stygobromus sp., 4–8 mm, Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae, a widespread amphipod genus with many phreatobites and stygobites. JK. FIGURE 91 (bottom right). A bathynellacean, <1 to 3 mm, phreatobitic (groundwater inhabiting) crustacean. KA. Photographers: Kym Abrams, Jean Krejca, Joel M. Ledford, Steve Taylor.

FIGURE 72 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 72 (top left). Ceuthophilus sp, Rhaphidophoridae, about 20 mm, cave cricket, trogloxene, Lava Beds National Monument. JK and ST. FIGURE 73 (top right). Tropidischia xanthostoma, about 30 mm, trogloxene, rhaphidophorid cricket, Crystal Sequoia Cave, Tulare Co., Sequoia National Park. JK. FIGURE 74 (center left). Grylloblatta n. sp. 3, 12–20 mm, Notoptera, is known only from Lilburn Cave and Mays Cave, Tulare Co., the farthest south of any icecrawler. JK. FIGURE 75 (center right). Trechus sp., 4 mm, Carabidae, Trechinae, Trechini, troglophile or trogloxene beetle, Empire Cave, Santa Cruz Co. JML. FIGURE 76 (bottom left). Ant-like litter beetle or mold beetle, 5–6 mm, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae, Yosemite National Park. JK. FIGURE 77 (bottom left). Ptomaphagus nevadicus, 6–7 mm, a round fungus beetle, Leiodidae, McLean's Cave, Tuolumne Co. WRE. Photographers:William R. Elliott, Jean Krejca, Joel M. Ledford, Steve Taylor.

FIGURE 36 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 36 (top left). Usofila sp., 1.7 mm, Telemidae, troglobitic spider, adult female of an undescribed species suspended from a silken line in Clough Cave, Tulare Co. JD. FIGURE 37 (top right). Usofila sp., 1.5 mm, Lyons Road Cave, Siskiyou Co. JK and ST. FIGURE 38 (center left). Oaphantes n. sp. 1, 3 mm, Linyphiidae, female of a blind troglobitic species from Paradise Cave, Tulare Co. JK and ST. FIGURE 39 (center right). Oaphantes n. sp. 2, 2.5 mm, female of an eyed troglophilic species from Bear Den Cave, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 40 (bottom left). Nesticus silvestrii, 3.5 mm, Nesticidae, male suspended from web in Indian Cave, Yosemite National Park. JK. FIGURE 41 (bottom right). Nesticus silvestrii, 3.5mm, male, Overhang Cave, Tulare Co. JK. Photographers: Joel Despain, Jean Krejca, Steve Taylor.

FIGURE 18 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 18 (top left). Rhagidiid mite, 0.5–1.0 mm, a predator of springtails, Lava Beds National Monument, Siskiy- ou Co. JK and ST. FIGURE 19 (top right). Leiobunum exilipes, 10 mm, Sclerosomatidae, cluster of "Daddy longlegs" harvestmen, Stearns Cave, Santa Cruz Co. JML. FIGURE 20 (center left). Taracus audisioae, about 12 mm including chelicerae, Taracidae, a troglophilic harvestman with huge chelicerae, Forscythe Cave, Tulare Co. JK. FIGURE 21 (center right). Banksula melones, 2 mm, Phalangodidae, a harvestman transplanted from McLean's Cave to the Transplant Mine, Tuolumne Co. WRE. FIGURE 22 (bottom left). Troglomorphic Banksula grahami, 1.5 mm, Phalangodidae, Pinnacle Point Cave, Tuolumne Co. The one on the right is catatonic. WRE. FIGURE 23 (bottom right). Calicina cloughensis, 1 mm, Phalangodidae, troglobitic harvestman, Hidden Cave, Tulare Co., Sequoia National Park. JK. Photographers: William R. Elliott, Jean Krejca, Joel M. Ledford, Steve Taylor.

FIGURE 11 in The Cave Fauna of California

FIGURE 11. Transplant Mine, Tuolumne Co., Andy Grubbs at transplant site "T2", January 1978. William R. Elliott.