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53 results for “character coding”
Character coding comparisons: matrices of 115 traits for hominoids in TNT format.
<p>TNT_character_matrix_positions.csv: provides descriptions of the 115 characters and their positions in the character matrices.</p> <p>TNT_95CI_character_matrix.tnt: TNT format character matrix with 115 traits. Each trait value is a 95% confidence interval for the species mean.</p> <p>TNT_DVC_character_matrix.tnt: TNT format character matrix with 115 traits. Each trait value is coded using divergence coding.</p> <p>TNT_GWC_character_matrix.tnt: TNT format character matrix with 115 traits. Each trait value is coded using generalized gap weighting.</p> <p> TNT_HSC_character_matrix.tnt: TNT format character matrix with 115 traits. Each trait value is coded using homogeneous subset coding.</p> <p>TNT_IDO_character_matrix.tnt: TNT format character matrix with 115 traits. Each trait value is coded using identification of overlap coding.</p> <p>TNT_Mean_character_matrix.tnt: TNT format character matrix with 115 traits. Each trait value is a species mean.</p> <p> </p>
Figure 6 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 6. Plots of length against PC1 for all eight species of Lavigeria studied with regressed lines and R2 values. Length values are log transformed.
Figure 3 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 3. Character state APPL. An adult specimen of L. n. sp. X (left) and a juvenile (right). Notice the perimetric, wrinkle-like, lines on the front surface of the apertural lip of the adult. Scale bar = 0.2 cm.
Figure 7 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 7. Fifty per cent majority-rule consensus trees of five, nine, ten and 31 trees (from top to bottom, respectively) from four matrices. Matrices are coding the data of Table 1. See Analysis for explanation of the matrices. Tree and character statistics are given in Table 3. Optimality criterion: maximum parsimony, exhaustive search. All characters binary, of equal weight and unordered. Numbers indicate percentage of topologies that include the respective branches.
Figure 5 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 5. Character states DFST, AXRB and UEPW. Adult specimens of (A) L. n. sp. W, (B) L. n. sp. F, (C) L. n. sp. K, (D) L. n. sp. J showing the aperture in side view and (E) an apertural view of an adult L. n. sp. W. In A-D the trajectory of the suture tends to deviate downwards in comparison to the trajectory of the spiral cord of the previous whorl immediately above the suture (DFST). A and D also show the loss of, or irregularities in the appearance of axial sculpture (AXRB). In E, arrowheads show the undulations formed at the edge of the parietal side of the aperture (UEPW). Scale bar = 0.2 cm.
Figure 2 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 2. Character states WGPW and APLT. An adult specimen of L. n. sp. A (left) and a juvenile (right). The adult shows a thickened (APLT) and opaque (WGPW) inner surface of the apertural lip in comparison to the juvenile. Scale bar = 0.2 cm.
Figure 1 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 1. Eight species used in this study, apertural and side views of adult specimens. (A) Lavigeria new species N. (B) L. n. sp. F. (C) L. n. sp. J. (D) L. n. sp. X. (E) L. n. sp. K. (F) L. n. sp. W. (G) L. n. sp. A. (H) L. n. sp. U. C-H all belong to the same clade. A and B belong to different clades within the genus. Scale bar = 0.2 cm.
Figure 4 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 4. Character state APDT. An adult specimen of L. n. sp. J (left) and a juvenile on the right. Notice in the adult how the parietal side of the apertural lip is completely detached from the previous whorl and a false umbilicus has developed. Scale bar = 0.2 cm.
Figure 26 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 26. Strict consensus tree showing all character optimizations. Black hashmarks indicate forward changes, grey hashmarks indicate forward homoplasies (DELTRAN). Numbers at the nodes indicate Bremer support.
Figure 25 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 25. Strict consensus of two MPT's, length = 188, CI = 0.53 and RI = 0.63. Numbers at the nodes refer to discussion in the text.
Figure 21 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 21. Style sac morphology; major typhlosole and ciliary tract (indicated by arrows). (A) Theodoxus fluviatilis. Scale bars (left to right) = 100 Mm, 10 Mm. (B) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bars = 1 mm, 100 Mm. (C) Strombus mutabilis. Scale bars = 100 Mm, 10 Mm. (D) Crepidula plana. Scale bars = 100 Mm, 100 Mm. (E) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bars = 1 mm, 100 Mm. (F) Cypraea robertsi. Scale bars = 1 mm, 100 Mm. (G) Conus jaspideus. Scale bars = 100 Mm, 10 Mm. (H) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Scale bars = 100 Mm, 10 Mm. Abbreviations: t1, major typhlosole; t2, minor typhlosole.
Figure 6 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 6. Morphology of cephalic haemocoel among basal caenogastropods. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Cypraea robertsi. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; eg, oesophageal gland; nr, circum-oesophageal nerve ring; os, osphradium; osg, osphradial ganglion; ps, proboscis sheath; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary glands; sp., supra-oesophageal ganglion; tn, tentacular nerve; vg, visceral ganglion; z, zygoneury.
Figure 12 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 12. Midgut morphology of taxa examined only from preserved material. (A) Theodoxus fluviatilis, left lateral view. Second digestive gland duct to right of oesophageal aperture obscured by gastric shield. (B) Strombus mutabilis, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: c, caecum; ce caecal extension; cf, ciliated fold; dgd, digestive gland duct; ds, deep sac; e, oesophagus; gp, glandular pad; gs, gastric shield; if, intestinal flap; ig, intestinal groove; int, intestine; sa, sorting area; ss, style sac; t1, major typhlosole; t2, minor typhlosole.
Figure 20 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 20. Histology of midgut; position of gastric shield. (A) Macleaniella moskalevi, transverse section. (B) Theodoxus fluviatilis, saggital section. (C) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum, transverse section. (D) Marisa cornuarietis, saggital section. (E) Crepidula plana, transverse section. (F) Strombus mutabilis, saggital section. (G) Bithynia tentaculata, saggital section. (H) Ilyanassa obsoletus, saggital section. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: dgd, digestive gland duct; e, oesophagus; gs, gastric shield; int, intestine.
Figure 4 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 4. Morphology of odontophore; subradular organ (indicated by arrows). Except when noted, view is from the side and ventral is to the right. (A) Theodoxus fluviatilis, ventral view. Subradular organ absent. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (B) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Marisa cornuarietis. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (E) Littorina littorea. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (F) Neverita duplicata. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (G) Cypraea robertsi. Subradular organ absent. Scale bar = 1 mm. (H) Panarona clavatula. Ventral is down. Scale bar = 100 Mm.
Figure 7 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 7. Morphology of cephalic haemocoel among derived caenogastropods. (A) Panarona clavatula. Siphon obscured by left cephalic tentacle and is not visible in this view. Note large, modified left cephalic tentacle and large proboscis retractor connecting to columellar muscle. (B) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Note second visceral ganglion lying below pericardium and large radular retractors connecting to base of proboscis sheath; ampulla of gland of Leiblein visible within afferent renal vessel. Duct of gland of Leiblein stippled. (C) Nitidiscala tinctum. Note compartmentalized tissue supporting jaw and buccal ganglia lying between salivary glands where the latter enter buccal cavity. (D) Prunum apicinum. Note duct of poison gland opening mid-ventrally to base of buccal cavity, just behind opening of accessory salivary gland. (E) Conus jaspideus. Siphon not visible in this view. Note long coiled duct of poison gland; buccal ganglion visible where short arm of radular sac enters buccal cavity. Base of proboscis sheath is shown, but rhynchocoel has not been opened. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: asg, accessory salivary gland; dasg, duct of accessory salivary gland; e, oesophagus; ec, oesophageal caecum; gl, gland of Leiblein; j, jaw; kd, kidney; nr, circum-oesophageal nerve ring; os, osphradium; per, pericardium; ps, proboscis sheath; rs, long arm of radular sac; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary glands; si, siphon; sig, siphonal ganglion; sp, supra-oesophageal ganglion; tn, tentacular nerve; vg, visceral ganglion; vl, valve of Leiblein; z, zygoneury.
Figure 2 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 2. Female reproductive morphology. (A) Lampanella minima. Note connective tissue between renal oviduct and pericardium. (B) Crepidula plana. (C) Petaloconchus varians. (D) Strombus mutabilis. Note egg groove from capsule gland down side of foot. Dotted line indicates double-groove portion of albumen gland. (E) Cypraea robertsi. Note duct of receptacle at posterior end of albumen gland. (F) Panarona clavatula. (G) Prunum apicinum. Note that base of mantle cavity lies between the capsule and albumen glands. (H) Urosalpinx cinerea. Ventro-lateral lobe of capsule gland is shown by transparency. Note blind diverticulum off renal oviduct and small aperture connecting vestibule and bursa copulatrix. Base of mantle cavity indicated by arrow. (I) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Note shallow pocket in distal end of capsule gland, perhaps functioning as bursa. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; cg, capsule gland; fo, female opening; gpc, gonopericardial canal; igl, ingesting gland; mc, base of mantle cavity; per, pericardium; rcs, seminal receptacle; spb, spermatophore bursa; u, uterine ball; v, vagina.
Figure 33 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 33. Evolution of the midgut, excluding features of the style sac. Black hashmarks indicate forward changes, grey hashmarks indicate forward homoplasies (DELTRAN). Branches indicate feeding mode and diet of each species. Representative midgut morphologies are shown.
Figure 11 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 11. Histology of mid-oesophagus; oesophageal gland. (A) Macleaniella moskalevi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Littorina littorea. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Neverita duplicata. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (G) Cypraea robertsi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (H) Nitidiscala tinctum. Note transition to muscular posterior oesophagus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: asg, accessory salivary gland; ca, radular cartilage; df, dorsal fold; eg, oesophageal gland; int, intestine; me, midoesophagus; r, radula; sgl, salivary gland; sp, supra-oesophageal ganglion.
Figure 29 in Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda
Figure 29. Evolution of the reno-pericardial system. Black hashmarks indicate forward changes, grey hashmarks indicate forward homoplasies (DELTRAN).
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