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2 results for “cheating range”
Short-range C-signaling restricts cheating behavior during Myxococcus xanthus development
<p>Starving <em>Myxococcus xanthus</em> bacteria use short-range C-signaling to coordinate building of multicellular mounds with differentiation from rods into spores during fruiting body development. A <em>csgA</em> mutant deficient in C-signaling can cheat on wild type (WT) in mixtures and form spores disproportionately, but our understanding of cheating behavior is incomplete. We report that cheating requires excess WT cells in the initial mixture and occurs during the mound-building phase of development. We subjected mixtures of WT and <em>csgA</em> cells at different ratios to co-development, and used confocal microscopy and image analysis to quantify the arrangement and morphology of cells near the bottom of nascent fruiting bodies (NFBs). At a ratio of one WT to four <em>csgA</em> cells (1:4), NFBs failed to form. At 1:2, broad mounds formed with half the normal cell density and very few spores. At 1:1, NFBs formed normally with a similar number of WT and <em>csgA</em> rods early in development and a similar number of spores later, so C-signaling by WT rescued <em>csgA </em>development efficiently, but the mutant<em> </em>did not cheat. In contrast, at 2:1 and 4:1 excess WT starting ratios, <em>csgA</em> rods were more abundant than expected in early NFBs, indicative of cheating during mound formation. As NFBs matured, <em>csgA</em> and WT eventually formed spores with similar efficiency, although <em>csgA</em> began sporulation earlier and closer to the radial center. Our results reveal restrictions on cheating behavior, which may have selected C-signaling evolutionarily, and may explain the prevalence of short-range signaling in bacterial biofilm and multicellular animal development.</p>
Short-Range C-Signaling Restricts Cheating Behavior during Myxococcus xanthus
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