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Fig. 15. — A–C in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 15. — A–C. Hippopodina feegeensis (Busk, 1884). Pantai Pasir Hitam, Langkawi, MSL BRY001b. A. Zooids near growing edge (top). B. Group of autozooids and an ovicell. C. Autozooidal orifice with an adventitious avicularium. — D–F. Microporella sp. Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi, MSL BRY012d. D. Group of zooids. E. Ascopore, orifice and avicularium (top right). F. Oblique view of ovicellate autozooid showing ascopore and avicularium with mandible. — G. Scorpiodinipora costulata (Canu & Bassler, 1929) (left) and Microporella (right). MSL BRY012c and MSL BRY012d, respectively. Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi. — H–I. Scorpiodinipora costulata (Canu & Bassler, 1929). H. Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi, MSL BRY012c. Zooids at the growing edge. I. Pulau Betong, Penang, MSL BRY025. Group of zooids. Scale bars: A, G = 1 mm; B = 500 μm; C–D, H–I = 200 μm; E–F = 100 μm.

Fig. 13. Hippoporina indica Pillai, 1978. – A–D in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 13. Hippoporina indica Pillai, 1978. – A–D. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY017b. A. Group of zooids. B. Autozooidal orifice and avicularium. C. Autozooids with closed orifices. D. Ovicell. – E. Pulau Betong, Penang, MSL BRY022; ovicell. – F. Sungai Menghulu, Langkawi, MSL BRY023; group of ovicellate zooids. Scale bars: A, C, F = 200 μm; B, D–E = 100 μm.

Fig. 12. Parasmittina spp. — A–C. P in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 12. Parasmittina spp. — A–C. P. raigioidea Liu et al., 2001. Pulau Betong, Penang, MSL BRY020b. A. Part of colony. B. Autozooids and avicularia. C. Orifice with lyrula and proximally directed adventitious avicularium. — D–F. Parasmittina sp. 1. Kuah jetty, Penang, MSL BRY021b. D. Colony (bottom) becoming overgrown by a colony of P. winstonae (top). E. Ovicellate zooids and proximally directed vicarious avicularia. F. Detail showing a proximally directed vicarious avicularium (upper left of centre) with a proximally directed spatulate adventitious avicularium to its lower right and a distally directed acuminate adventitious avicularium to the lower right of that. — G–I. Parasmittina sp. 2. Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi, MSL BRY012b; encrusting a large gastropod shell. G. Part of colony. H. Group of zooids. I. Autozooids and an adventitious avicularium. Scale bars: A, H = 500 μm; B, E–F = 200 μm; C, I = 100 μm; D, G = 1 mm.

Fig. 8. — A–B in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 8. — A–B. Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758). Batu Uban, Penang, MSL BRY014. A. Part of a colony. B. Detail showing four globose ovicells. — C–F. Cradoscrupocellaria sp. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY015. C. Colony fragment. D. Zooids near branch tip showing spines and scuta. E. Branches and vibracular seta (bottom). F. Ovicells, spines and scuta. Scale bars: A, C = 1 mm; B, D = 200 μm; E = 500 μm; F = 100 μm.

Fig. 10 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 10. Celleporaria aperta (Hincks, 1882). Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY017a. A. View of colony showing growing edge (top left) and older region (bottom right) with frontal buds. B. Developing zooids at growing edge. C. Region with frontal buds. D. Orifice of non-ovicellate autozooid and steeply inclined suboral avicularium with dentate distal edge of rostrum. E. Ovicell. F. Two interzooidal avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 200 μm; C = 500 μm; D–F = 100 μm.

Fig. 11 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm.

Fig. 14. Schizoporella japonica Ortmann, 1890 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 14. Schizoporella japonica Ortmann, 1890. Kuah jetty, Langkawi. — A. Colony photographed in the field showing colour when alive. — B–D. MSL BRY024. B. Growing edge with giant buds. C. Group of zooids. D. Orifice and avicularium. — E–F. MSL BRY019b. E. Group of zooids, two ovicellate. F. Ovicell. Scale bars: B = 1 mm; C, E = 500 μm; D, F = 100 μm.

Fig. 9 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 9. Adeonella lichenoides (Lamarck, 1816). A. Field photograph of colony found among fishing debris at Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi. B–G. MSL BRY016, fragment of colony shown in A. B. Bifurcating branch. C. Group of zooids. D. Vicarious avicularium. E. Young zooids near growing edge before development of the spiramen. F. Zooids with adventitious avicularia and variably developed calcified bridges isolating the spiramen. G. Older zooids with fully developed spiramens and variously orientated adventitious avicularia. Scale bars: B = 1 mm; C = 500 μm; D–G = 100 μm.

Fig. 6 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 6. Cranosina coronata (Hincks, 1881). Pantai Pasir Hitam, Langkawi, MSL BRY011. A. Part of a colony encrusting a cobble. B. Group of zooids. C. Autozooid with distal avicularium. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 μm; C = 200 μm.

Fig. 5. — A–C in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 5. — A–C. Arbopercula sp. Pulau Betong, Penang, MSL BRY009. A. Group of zooids. B. Zooids showing spines. C. Distal end of a zooid with a pair of oral spines and the proximal circumopesial spine of the next distal zooid. — D–F. Sinoflustra amoyensis (Robertson, 1921). Batu Muang, Penang, MSL BRY010. D. Part of a colony. E. Detail of a group of zooids at the broken edge. F. Opesia and cryptocystal spinules. Scale bars: A, D = 500 μm; B, E = 200 μm; C, F = 100 μm.

Fig. 4 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 4. Jellyella eburnea (Hincks, 1891). Pantai Chenang, Langkawi. A–C. Scanning electron micrographs showing variable development of the gymnocyst; MSL BRY008. A. Group of zooids. B. Slightly oblique view of zooids with poorly developed gymnocysts. C. Zooids with well developed gymnocysts. D–E. Colonies encrusting a small bottle photographed in the field. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–C = 500 μm.

Fig. 3 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 3. Species of Acanthodesia. — A–C. A. cf. falsitenuis (Liu, 1992). Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi, MSL BRY003. A. Zooids. B. Detail. C. Cryptocystal process. — D–F. A. peramabulata (Louis & Menon, 2009). Pantai Pasir Hitam, Langkawi, MSL BRY004. D. Part of colony with overgrowth. E. Group of zooids. F. Wide zooid immediately before a row bifurcation. — G–L. A. cf. irregulata (Liu, 1992). Note variation between specimens in the width of the lateral mural rim, which is particularly broad in I, and the development of tubercles, present only in the colony shown in K and L. G. Pulau Betong, Penang, MSL BRY005. H–I. Batu Muang, Penang, MSL BRY026. J. Balik Pulau, Penang, MSL BRY006. K–L. Batu Maung, Penang, MSL BRY007. Scale bars: A, D = 1 mm; B, I, L = 200 μm; C = 50 μm; E–H, J–K = 500 μm.

Fig. 2. Aetea ligulata Busk, 1852. A in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 2. Aetea ligulata Busk, 1852. A. Colony fouling Hippopodinella feegeensis; Pantai Pasir Hitam, Langkawi, MSL BRY001a. B–F. Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi, MSL BRY002. B. Zooids growing aroung clionid-bored shell. C. Zooid with repaired skeleton. D. Erect part of zooid collapsed against substrate to reveal annulations on distal side. E. Erect part of zooid collapsed to show opesia on proximally facing side. F. Broken zooid showing intramural 'stolon'. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C–E = 200 μm; F = 100 μm.

Fig. 1 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 1. Map showing sampling localities in Langkawi (top left) and Penang (bottom left), and the locations of these islands in Malaysia (right).

Figure 31 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 31. Bryopesanser latesco Tilbrook: (a) NSMT-Te 1167, autozooids; (b) NSMT-Te 1100, orifice; (c) NSMT-Te 1054, ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids; (d) NSMT-Te 1103, ovicelled and nonovicelled autozooids; note sharp projection on proximal peristomial rim in lower-right zooid, and size difference in avicularia between lower right and lower left zooids. Panels are scanning electron microscopic images of dried, unbleached specimen (a) or bleached specimens (b–d). Scale bars: a, c, d = 300 µm; b = 100 µm.

Figure 37 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 37. Rhynchozoon lunifrons sp. nov.: (a) NSMT-Te 1196 (paratype), colony view; (b) enlargement from preceding panel, showing autozooids typically having three processes associated with orifice; (c–f) NSMT-Te 1197 (paratype), (c) marginal autozooids showing shape and orientation of suboral avicularian chamber, (d) marginal autozooids, showing orifice shape, (e) well-calcified ovicelled autozooids, showing large semicircular area of exposed entooecium on ovicell, (f) endozooidal ovicells, with three zooids showing a second ovicell (arrowheads) lateral to orifice. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 1.0 mm; b = 500 µm; c–f = 300 µm.

Figure 29 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 29. Arthropoma harmelini sp. nov., NSMT-Te 1159 (holotype): (a) autozooids, showing crescentic suboral umbo, which in top-centre zooid is continuous with peristomial rim; (b) orifice; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with one ovicell showing a lateral extension; note there is no row of pseudopores between orifice and floor of developing ooecium; (d) ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids; (e) autozooids with developing ooecia; note lack of pseudopores between orifice and floor of ooecium; (f) colony margin, showing interzooidal connections. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimen. Scale bars: a, c, e, f = 300 µm; b = 100 µm; d = 500 µm.

Figure 34 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 34. Rhynchozoon ferocula Hayward: (a) NSMT-Te 1178, view of smaller colony on SEM stub; (b) NSMT-Te 1179, marginal autozooids; (c–e) NSMT-Te 1178 (larger colony on SEM stub), (c) orifices in (c) mature autozooids, (d) orifice and oral spines, (e) ovicelled autozooids (arrowhead, window in calcified ectooecium; arrow, labellum); (f) NSMT-Te 1180, ancestrula and two daughter zooids. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 1.0 mm; b, e, f = 200 µm; c = 100 µm; d = 50 µm.

Figure 32 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 32. (a, b) Crepidacantha longiseta Canu and Bassler: (a) NSMT-Te 1167, autozooids; (b) NSMT- Te 1169, ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids. (c, d) Crepidacantha poissonii (Audouin), NSMT-Te 1100: (c) ovicelled autozooids; (d) ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids. Panels are scanning electron microscopic images of dried, unbleached (a, c) or bleached (b, d) specimens. Scale bars: a, c = 300 µm; b, d = 200 µm.

Figure 39 in Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan

Figure 39. Rhynchozoon ryukyuense sp. nov., NSMT-Te 1202 (a–c), NHMUK 2016.5.13.81 (d, e), NSMT- Te 1201 (f), all paratype specimens: (a) colony view; (b) marginal autozooids, showing aspect of suboral avicularian chamber; (c) marginal autozooids, showing shape and orientation of avicularian rostrum; (d) marginal autozooids, showing orifice shape; note denticles associated with basal pore chambers; (e) autozooids, with diamond-shaped frontal avicularia and hypertrophied suboral avicularia; (f) ovicelled autozooids. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 1.0 mm; b–f = 300 µm.