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Figure 14 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 14. Internal mould of Paracyclas proavia (Goldfuss, 1840) from the Devonian, Eifel, Germany (BMNH Pal. Department L25554). Shell length = 56 mm. A, right side, anterior adductor scar arrowed; B, detail of anterior adductor scar showing ventral detachment from pallial line. aas, anterior adductor muscle scar; pl, pallial line.

Figure 13. A, B in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 13. A, B, internal moulds showing right sides of Ilionia prisca, Silurian, Gotland, Sweden. A, BMNH, Shell length (SL) = 70 mm; B, BMNH, SL = 55 mm. C, D, outside and inside of left valve of Eomiltha voorhoevi, Recent, Mozambique, ANSP 234103, SL = 70 mm.

Figure 12 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 12. Posterior apertures of Fimbria fimbriata (Lizard Island, Queensland) showing double row of papillae, and short length of mantle fusion ventral to inhalant aperture. Abbreviations: ex, exhalant aperture; in, inhalant aperture; pg, pedal gape; vf, ventral fusion.

Figure 11 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 11. Posterior apertures of a range of lucinid species. All SEMs of critical point dried specimens. A, Anodontia omissa (Iredale, 1930), Moreton Bay Queensland; B, Phacoides pectinatus (Gmelin, 1792), Brazil; C, Bathyaustriella thionipta (Glover et al., 2004), Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand; D, Ctena bella (Conrad, 1837), Lizard Island, Queensland; E, Pillucina vietnamica Zorina, 1978, Port Douglas, Queensland; F, Wallucina assimilis (Angas, 1867), Jervis Bay, New South Wales; G, Lucina adansoni d'Orbigny, 1839, Cape Verde Islands. H, Cardiolucina pisiformis (Thiele, 1930), Shark Bay, Western Australia; I, Myrtea spinifera (Montagu, 1803), Oban Scotland. Images adjusted to similar scale. Abbreviations: ex, exhalant aperture; in, inhalant aperture; p, papillae; vf, ventral mantle fusion.

Figure 9 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 9. SEM section of ctenidial filament of Lucinisca nassula (Conrad, 1846) showing bacteriocytes and granule cells. Scale bar = 10 µm. Abbreviations b, bacteriocyte with rod-shaped bacteria. gr, granule cell and granules.

Figure 8 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 8. TEM section through part of ctenidial filament of Anodontia ovum (Reeve, 1850), Lizard Island, Queensland, showing central blood space flanked by bacteriocytes and intercalary cells. Scale bar = 5 µm. Abbreviations: b, bacteria; ba, bacteriocyte; bs, blood space; eic, distal extension of intercalary cell; ic, intercalary cell; ly, lysosome; m, microvilli; n, nucleus.

Figure 7 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 7. Composite tree of lucinid relationships derived from Bretsky (1976: figs 3–9) and including living taxa only.

Figure 10 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 10. Mantle gills in lucinids. A, Codakia tigerina; B, Lucina pensylvanica; C, Phacoides pectinatus; D, Anodontia philippiana. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 6 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 6. Tree summarizing Chavan's (1969) ideas of relationships in Lucinidae derived from his subfamilial classification of genera. Recent taxa only included.

Figure 1 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 1. Diversity of form within Lucinidae. A, Plicolucina flabellata Glover, Taylor & Slack-Smith, 2003, Shell length (SL) = 22 mm; B, Lamellolucina trisulcata Taylor & Glover, 2002, SL = 10 mm; C, Codakia tigerina (Linnaeus, 1758), SL = 70 mm; D, Anodontia philippiana (Reeve, 1850), SL = 66 mm; E, Miltha childrenae (Gray 1825), SL = 82 mm; F, Eomiltha voorhoevi, SL = 80 mm; G, Austriella corrugata (Deshayes, 1843), SL = 60 mm; H, Ctena bella (Conrad, 1837), SL = 25 mm; I, Rasta lamyi (Abrard, 1942), SL = 30 mm; J, Pompholigina gibba (Gray, 1825), SL = 27 mm; K, Myrtea spinifera (Montagu, 1803), SL = 26 mm.

Figure 5 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 5. Tree of lucinid relationships derived from final figure (tableau chronologique de l'evolution des lucines) by Chavan, 1937−1938), including living taxa only.

Figure 4 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 4. General anatomy of Anodontia philippiana, Dampier, Western Australia, with left valve and mantle removed. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; exa, exhalant aperture; f, foot; fm, fused mantle; ld, left demibranch of ctenidia; me, mantle edge; mg, mantle gills on septum; p, periostracum; pa, posterior adductor muscle. Shell length = 40 mm

Figure 2 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 2. Molecular phylogeny of heterodont and palaeoheterodont bivalves produced by Bayesian analysis of partial sequences from the 18SrRNA gene. Branches with posterior probabilities <85% have been collapsed. Nodal support is posterior probability/bootstrap (Neighbour-joining using Maximum Likelihood distance, 10 000 reps). Details of taxa and methods in Taylor et al., 2005.

Figure 3 in Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs

Figure 3. Molecular phylogeny of Lucinidae (from Williams et al., 2004) based on concatenated gene sequence data from 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA genes. Branches collapsed with posterior probabilities of> 90%. Nodal support is posterior probability/bootstrap (NJ using ML distance, 10 000 reps). *Bootstrap support is 96% for lucinid clade B excluding Phacoides pectinatus.

Fig. 4 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 4. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica marincovichi (Kiel and Amano, 2010), from the Oligocene Kulthieth Formation, Alaska, USA. A. Rubber peel of holotype UCMP 555221 showing internal features including hinge dentition of the right valve. B. Paratype UCMP 555223, internal mold of a left valve, showing adductor muscle scars and small pallial sinus. C. Paratype UCMP 555224, an articulated specimen showing inflation, lunular incision, and escutcheon (C1) and external sculpture of right valve (C2). All images from Kiel and Amano (2010).

Fig. 3 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 3. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica knapptonensis (Amano and Kiel, 2007) from the upper Oligocene part of the Lincoln Creek Formation at Knappton, along the Columbia River, western Washington, USA. A. Holotype USNM 534954, left valve showing external surface (A1) and hinge (A2). B. Paratype USNM 534956, left valve showing external surface (B1) and hinge (B2). C. USNM 534955, posterior part of a left valve showing external surface (C1) and the posterior end of the nymphal ridge (C2). All images (except C2) from Amano and Kiel (2007).

Fig. 2 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 2. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica knapptonensis (Amano and Kiel, 2007) from the West Fork Satsop seep deposit, lower Oligocene, Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington, USA. A. NRM PAL Mo 195149, articulated specimen with partially preserved shell, in lateral (A1, A3) and dorsal (A2) views. B. NRM PAL Mo 195150, left valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell; B2, close-up showing pallial line and anterior adductor muscle scar (dotted line). C. NRM PAL Mo 195151, left valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell (C2) and with posterior adductor muscle scar barely visible (dotted line in C1). D. NRM PAL Mo 195153, articulated specimen showing inflation and ligament. E. NRM PAL Mo 195152, small specimen with fully preserved shell, view on outer shell surface. F. NRM PAL Mo 195154, right valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell, showing pallial line and anterior adductor muscle scar. G. NRM PAL Mo 195155, left valve with mostly preserved shell.

Fig. 1 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 1. Map showing location of the studied localities in North America (inset) and western Washington State, USA. 1, the new West Fork Satsop seep deposit; 2, Knappton, the type locality of Squiresica knapptonensis.

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Fig. 8 in Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the late Pliocene Stirone River hydrocarbon seep complex in northern Italy

Fig. 8. The large lucinid bivalve Lucinoma sp. from the late Pliocene of Italy, Stirone River seep deposit. MGGC.22016, view of left valve (A), dorsal view (B).