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73 results for “chitin”
SCALIBUR video 2: From retail food waste to protein, lipids, and chitin
<p>This video is part of a 3 part series explaining the innovative technologies being developed in the SCALIBUR project.</p> <p>The script is as follows: </p> <p>Eyes bigger than your stomach? Hotels and restaurants make a big contribution to the 100 million tonnes of organic waste produced each year in the EU. The SCALIBUR project is developing innovative technologies to convert waste from the food service industry into valuable products. Where we see waste SCALIBUR partners see a resource. Insects like black soldier flies love leftovers, efficiently converting food scraps into a rich biomass. New processes are being developed to extract the valuable materials like proteins, lipids and chitin: raw materials for bioplastics, and food and feed products. These technologies will help cities manage waste in a more sustainable and cost efficient way. And contribute to the creation of a truly circular bio-economy in Europe.</p>
Metagenomics uncovers dietary adaptations for chitin digestion in the gut microbiota of convergent myrmecophagous mammals
<p><strong>Metagenomics uncovers dietary adaptations for chitin digestion in the gut microbiota of convergent myrmecophagous mammals</strong></p> <p>Sophie Teullet<sup>a,#</sup>, Marie-Ka Tilak<sup>a</sup>, Amandine Magdeleine<sup>a</sup>, Roxane Schaub<sup>b,c</sup>, Nora M. Weyer<sup>d</sup>, Wendy Panaino<sup>d,e</sup>, Andrea Fuller<sup>d</sup>, William. J. Loughry<sup>f</sup>, Nico L. Avenant<sup>g</sup>, Benoit de Thoisy<sup>h,i</sup>, Guillaume Borrel<sup>j</sup> and Frédéric Delsuc<sup>a,#</sup></p> <p><sup>a</sup>Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France</p> <p><sup>b</sup>CIC AG/Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana</p> <p><sup>c</sup>Tropical Biome and immunopathology, Université de Guyane, Labex CEBA, DFR Santé, Cayenne, French Guiana</p> <p><sup>d</sup>Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</p> <p><sup>e</sup>Centre for African Ecology, School of Animals, Plant, and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</p> <p><sup>f</sup>Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, USA</p> <p><sup>g</sup>National Museum and Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa</p> <p><sup>h</sup>Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France</p> <p><sup>i</sup>Kwata NGO, Cayenne, French Guiana, France</p> <p><sup>j</sup>Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell, Paris, France</p> <p><sup>#</sup>Corresponding authors: sophie.teullet@umontpellier.fr; frederic.delsuc@umontpellier.fr</p> <p> </p> <p><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p> <p>In mammals, myrmecophagy (ant and termite consumption) represents a striking example of dietary convergence. This trait evolved independently at least five times in placentals with myrmecophagous species comprising aardvarks, anteaters, some armadillos, pangolins, and aardwolves. The gut microbiome plays an important role in dietary adaptation, and previous analyses of 16S rRNA metabarcoding data have revealed convergence in the composition of the gut microbiota among some myrmecophagous species. However, the functions performed by these gut bacterial symbionts and their potential role in the digestion of prey chitinous exoskeletons remain open questions. Using long- and short-read sequencing of fecal samples, we generated 29 gut metagenomes from nine myrmecophagous and closely related insectivorous species sampled in French Guiana, South Africa, and the USA. From these, we reconstructed 314 high-quality bacterial genome bins of which 132 carried chitinase genes, highlighting their potential role in insect prey digestion. These chitinolytic bacteria belonged mainly to the family Lachnospiraceae, and some were likely convergently recruited in the different myrmecophagous species as they were detected in several host orders (i.e., <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>, <em>Blautia</em> sp), suggesting that they could be directly involved in the adaptation to myrmecophagy. Others were found to be more host-specific, possibly reflecting phylogenetic constraints and environmental influences. Overall, our results highlight the potential role of the gut microbiome in chitin digestion in myrmecophagous mammals and provide the basis for future comparative studies performed at the mammalian scale to further unravel the mechanisms underlying the convergent adaptation to myrmecophagy.</p> <p> </p> <p><em><strong>Main figures and corresponding datasets</strong></em></p> <p><strong>Figure_1_dataset.zip</strong> contains:</p> <ul> <li><strong>FIGURE 1.</strong> Phylogenetic position of the 314 high-quality selected bins reconstructed from 29 gut metagenomes of the nine focal myrmecophagous species within a reference prokaryotic phylogeny. A: Phylogeny of the 314 selected bins (red branches) with 2496 prokaryote reference genomes. Circles respectively indicate (from inner to outer circles): the bacterial phyla and kingdom to which these genome bins were assigned based on the Genome Taxonomy Database release 7 (Parks <em>et al</em>, 2021). Clades, where a subtree was defined, are highlighted in blue for the Firmicutes (Fig. 1B), green for the Bacteroidetes, and pink for the Proteobacteria (Figs. S2 A and B, respectively). B: Subtree within Fimircutes showing myrmecophagous-specific clades (blue highlights; dark blue corresponds to the three clades mentioned in the results, light blue to the other clades). The outer circle indicates the bacterial family to which these genome bins were assigned based on the Genome Taxonomy Database. Bins’ names of the myrmecophagous-specific clades are indicated at leaves of the phylogenetic tree together with the genus to which they were assigned to.</li> <li><strong>phylophlan_LR_SR_ToL_FINAL_concatenated.aln</strong>: Alignment of the concatenated markers assembled by PhyloPhlAn v3.0.58.</li> <li><strong>phylophlan_LR_SR_ToL_FINAL.tre</strong>: Phylogenetic tree reconstructed by PhyloPhlAn v3.0.58 for the 314 high quality selected genome bins and the 2496 prokaryote reference genomes.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Figure_2_dataset.zip </strong>contains:</p> <ul> <li><strong>FIGURE 2</strong>. Phylogeny of the 394 GH18 sequences identified in 132 high-quality selected bins reconstructed from 29 gut metagenomes of the nine focal myrmecophagous species and relatives. Red branches indicate the 237 sequences having an active chitinolytic site (DXXDXDXE). Circles respectively indicate (from inner to outer circles): the bacterial family and phyla of the bin the sequence was retrieved from. Colored sequence names indicate the host species. Colored circles at certain nodes indicate enzymes to which sequences are similar when blasting them against the NCBI non-redundant protein database. Sequence names are indicated at leaves of the tree and begin with the genus to which the bin they were identified in was assigned to. </li> <li><strong>GH18_sequences_from_selected_bins_alignment.fasta</strong>: Alignment of the 394 GH18 sequences identified in 132 high quality selected bins computed with MAFFT v7.450.</li> <li><strong>GH18__sequences_from_selected_bins_tree.newick</strong>: Phylogenetic tree of the 394 GH18 sequences inferred with RAxML v8.2.11 within Geneious Prime 2022.0.2.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Figure_3_dataset.zip</strong> contains:</p> <ul> <li><strong>FIGURE 3</strong>. Detection of the 314 high-quality bacterial genomes (lines) in the 29 gut metagenomes (columns) of the nine focal species. Each square indicates the detection of a genome bin in a sample as estimated by anvi’o v7 (Eren <em>et al</em>, 2021). Names of bins are indicated on the left with red indicating chitinolytic bins (Table S2). The names begin with the genus to which the bin was assigned to. Asterisks (*) indicate bins detected in at least one soil sample (detection > 0.25) (Fig. S4, Table S2, and detection table available via Zenodo). Phylogenetic relationships of host species distinguished by different color strips are represented at the bottom of the graph. Columns on the right indicate (from left to right): the number of GH18 sequences identified in each bin (from 0 to 17), the bin’s taxonomic phylum, class, order, and family. The phylogeny of the 314 selected bins inferred with PhyloPhlAn v3.0.58 (Asnicar <em>et al</em>, 2020) is also represented on the right of the graph (see Fig. S1). Silhouettes were downloaded from phylopic.org.</li> <li><strong>detection_bins_across_gut_metagenomes.txt</strong>: Detection table as tab-delimited file containing the detection values inferred by anvi'o v7 for the 314 high quality selected bins across the 29 gut metagenomes from the nine focal myrmecophagous species. </li> </ul> <p><strong>Figure_4_dataset.zip</strong> contains:</p> <ul> <li><strong>FIGURE 4</strong>. Distribution of chitinolytic selected bins (red links) among the nine focal myrmecophagous species and relatives. Phylogenies of the 314 high-quality selected bins (Fig. S1) and of the nine host species (downloaded from timetree.org) are represented respectively on the left and the right of the graph. Links illustrate, for each bin, in which host species the bin was detected (detection threshold > 0.25). Red links indicate bins in which at least one GH18 sequence with an active chitinolytic site (DXXDXDXE) was found (chitinolytic bins). The size of the circles at the tips of the host phylogeny is proportional to the number of samples (n = 1 for <em>D. kap</em>; n = 2 for <em>D. nov</em>, <em>C. uni</em> and <em>M. tri</em>; n = 3 for <em>T. tet </em>and <em>O. af</em>e; n = 4 for <em>D. sp. nov </em>FG; n = 6 for <em>P. cri </em>and <em>S. tem</em>). Bins’ names are indicated at the tip of the bins’ phylogeny and main bacterial phyla are indicated by colored vertical bars. This graph was done with the cophylo R package within the phytools suite (Revell, 2012). Silhouettes were downloaded from phylopic.org.</li> <li><strong>presence_absence_MAGs_in_metagenomes.txt</strong>: Presence/absence matrix of the 314 selected genome bins across the 29 gut metagenomes.</li> <li><strong>host_species_phylo_reduced_fig4.newick</strong>: Host phylogenetic timetree.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Table_1_sample_infos.xls: </strong>Detailed sample information for the 33 fecal samples collected. <em>N.B</em>.: Diet was determined based on field observations (i.e., dissections) and the literature.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><em><strong>Supplementary results</strong></em></p> <p><strong>Supplementary_results_Teullet_etal_2023.zip </strong>includes a comparison of genome statistics of the selected bins reconstructed from the long-read vs the short-read datasets, a phylogeny of the set of selected bins before dereplication (n = 407) and a comparison of the distribution of shared and specific genome bins carrying GH18 among host orders.</p> <p> </p> <p><em><strong>Supplementary material</strong></em></p> <p><strong>Supplementary_material_Teullet_etal_2023.zip </strong>contains</p> <ul> <li>Supplementary figures (S1-S4) and tables (S1-S4).</li> <li><strong>phylophlan_314_bins_phylogeny_FINAL_concatenated.aln and phylophlan_314_bins_phylogeny_FINAL.tre</strong>: Alignment of the concatenated markers and the final tree (respectively) reconstructed by PhyloPhlAn v3.0.58 for the 314 high-quality selected and dereplicated genome bins.</li> <li><strong>phylophlan_407_selected_bins_nodRep_concatenated.aln and phylophlan_407_selected_bins_phylogeny_FINAL.tre</strong>: Alignment of the concatenated markers and the final tree (respectively) reconstructed by PhyloPhlAn v3.0.58 for the 407 high-quality selected genome bins before dereplication.</li> <li><strong>abundance_bins_across_gut_metagenomes.txt</strong>: A tab-delimited file corresponding to the absolute abundance values inferred by anvi'o v7 for the 314 high-quality selected bins across the 29 gut metagenomes from the nine focal myrmecophagous species. </li> <li><strong>detection_bins_across_soil_samples.txt</strong>: A tab-delimited file corresponding to the detection values inferred by anvi'o v7 for the 140 high-quality selected bins reconstructed from the aardvark, ground pangolin and southern aardwolf gut metagenomes across the eight soil samples collected on sample sites in South Africa.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>Assemblies</em></strong></p> <p><strong>Long-read_metagenomic_assemblies_polished.zip</strong> contains the 31 long-read metagenomes assembled with metaFlye strain v2.9 and polished with short reads using Pilon v1.4, which were used for binning.</p> <p><strong>Long-read_metagenomic_assemblies_not_polished.zip</strong> contains the 33 long-read metagenomes assembled with metaFlye strain v2.9 before polishing.</p> <p><strong>Short-read_metagenomic_assemblies.zip</strong> contains the 31 short-read metagenomes assembled with metaSPAdes and MEGAHIT.</p> <p><em>N.B</em>:</p> <ol> <li>Two samples (DASY M1746 and DASY VLD168) were not sequenced using Illumina short reads. Only long reads were generated and assembled for these two samples and are made available here. As these assemblies could not be polished, these samples were not included in downstream analyses.</li> <li>Two samples (CAB M3141 and MYR M5293) were highly contaminated by host reads and not used in downstream analyses. As they were still assembled with the other samples, the corresponding metagenomes are made available here.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>Binning: genome bins and dereplication results</em></strong></p> <p><strong>High-quality_selected_bins_dereplicated.zip</strong> contains the 314 high quality selected bins (>90% completion, <5% redundancy) reconstructed from long- and short-read metagenomes with metaBAT2 and dereplicated with dRep at 98% ANI.</p> <p><strong>metaBAT2_short-read_assemblies_bins.zip </strong>contains all bins reconstructed from the short-read assemblies with metaBAT2 (i.e., output of metaBAT2).</p> <p><strong>metaBAT2_long-read_assemblies_bins.zip</strong> contains all bins reconstructed from the long-read polished assemblies with metaBAT2 (i.e., output of metaBAT2).</p> <p><strong>Output_dRep_98ANI_407_bins_long-short-reads.zip</strong> contains the output of the dereplication analysis done on the set of 407 high-quality selected genome bins reconstructed from long- (n = 201) and short-read (n = 206; labeled "spad") metagenomes. It was performed with dRep using default parameters. After this step, the final dataset included 314 high-quality non-redundant genome bins. This folder includes:</p> <ul> <li><strong>LR_SR_407_bins_dRep_98ANI_Primary_clustering_dendrogram.pdf</strong>: The primary clustering of selected genome bins using the Mash algorithm with an ANI threshold of 90%.</li> <li><strong>LR_SR_407_bins_dRep_98ANI_Secondary_clustering_dendrograms.pdf</strong>: The secondary clustering of selected genome bins using the fastANI algorithm with an ANI threshold of 98%.</li> <li><strong>LR_SR_407_bins_dRep_98ANI_Cluster_scoring.pdf</strong>: The clustering score attributed to each genome bin during dereplication. Asteriks (*) indicate genomes chosen to be the representative genomes of their cluster.</li> </ul> <ul> </ul>
Temporal dynamics of invertebrate community assembly in Lake Victoria since the Late Pleistocene based on chitinous remains
<p>Preserved assemblages of invertebrate remains in lacustrine sediment reveal temporal variations of community composition and environmental conditions. However, records for large tropical lakes are scarce. Lake Victoria, the largest tropical lake, has a dynamic history of changes in water level, biogeochemistry, and fish community composition over the past ~17,000 cal yr BP. In order to quantify changes in the invertebrate assemblage of Lake Victoria from the Late Pleistocene throughout the Holocene, we examined chitinous remains of Cladocera and larval dipterans (Chironomidae and Chaoboridae) from a sediment core (37 m water depth) dated from ~13,700 cal yr BP to present. We identified four major phases in the invertebrate assemblage throughout this period of lake history. First, Chironomidae and Chaoboridae appeared at low abundances during the earliest stages of the lake inundation in the late Pleistocene, at a time when Cladocera were notably absent. Second, chaoborids and chironomids increased in abundance during the Mid Holocene, which coincided with high diatom production towards the end of the Holocene African Humid Period. Third, starting ~4,700 cal yr BP, <i>Alona</i>, a predominantly littoral cladoceran genus, consistently appeared in the invertebrate assemblage alongside changes in mixing regimes and persisted throughout the Late Holocene to present. Fourth, the arrival of both <i>Chydorus</i> and <i>Bosmina longirostris</i> marked the establishment of an abundant cladoceran assemblage at ~1,350 cal yr BP. The assemblage then gradually shifted toward the increasing dominance of <i>B. longirostris</i>, a planktonic cladoceran. This study provides the first multi-millennial record of sedimentary invertebrate assemblages in Lake Victoria, and elucidates some of the temporal development of these communities throughout most of the modern ecosystem's dynamic history. Overall, we provide novel insights into the temporal dynamics of invertebrate community assembly in relation to climatic and environmental variability in tropical lakes.</p>
Fig. 6 in Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from CUlex pipieNS palleNS (Diptera: Culicidae)
Fig. 6 Effect of CpCHSB silencing in third instar larvae on chitin content. a Relative chitin content in fourth-instar larvae at 72 h after siCHSB injection (n = 10). b Rhodamine B staining of the midgut of fourth-instar larvae isolated after 72 h after siCHSB injection. c Chitin staining in the midgut at 48 and 72 h after siCHSB injection (n = 10). Results are shown as the mean ± SE (Student's t-tests; *P <0.05, **P <0.01). Scale-bar: 50 μm
Fig. 5 in Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from CUlex pipieNS palleNS (Diptera: Culicidae)
Fig. 5 CpCHSB gene suppression by RNAi at 1 day after injection (n = 200) in adult mosquitoes. a Expression levels of CpCHSB at 72 h after injecting siCHSB assessed by RT-qPCR. The group injected with siCHSB show a reduction in CpCHSB expression of 53% compared with the control group. b Relative chitin content at 72 h after siCHSB injection. c Midgut length at 72 h after siCHSB injection. d Number of follicles per ovary and number of eggs per female mosquito (e) after injecting siCHSB. Results are shown as the mean ± SE (Student's t-tests; **P <0.01, ***P <0.001, ns, not significant)
Fig. 2 in Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from CUlex pipieNS palleNS (Diptera: Culicidae)
Fig. 2 Expression profiles of CpCHSB in different tissues of fourth-instar C. pipiens pallens larvae. Tissues include head (HE), foregut (FG), midgut (MG), hindgut (HG), Malpighian tubules (MT) and carcass (CA). Relative expression levels were calculated based on the lowest expression value, which was ascribed an arbitrary value of 1. Results are shown as the mean ± SE
Fig. 1 in Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from CUlex pipieNS palleNS (Diptera: Culicidae)
Fig. 1 Alignment of the conserved catalytic domain of chitin synthases from three mosquito species Seven characteristic motifs (M1–M7) in insect chitin synthases are highlighted. Dashes are used to denote gaps introduced to maximise alignment. Abbreviations: Ae, Aedes aegypti; Ag, Anopheles gambiae; Cp, Culex pipiens pallens
Figure 3 in Characterisation of chitin in the cuticle of a velvet worm (Onychophora)
Figure 3. FT-IR spectra: overview (top), detail (below). Commercial α-chitin (a), extracted chitin from Peripatoides novaezealandiae (b), and β-chitin from cuttlebone (c).
Figure 2 in Characterisation of chitin in the cuticle of a velvet worm (Onychophora)
Figure 2. Structure of the cuticle of Peripatoides novaezealandiae. A SEM image of the dorsal cuticle showing transversely folded ridges with bristled and nonbristled papillae covered by ribbed 'scales'. B: Semithin section; note thinness of the cuticle (arrows). s papilla (arrowhead); co = collagen, ep = epidermis, mu = muscles. C: Low-power TEM image of the epidermis (ep), and cuticle (cu). Note the collagenous layer beneath the epidermis (co). D–F: High power TEM images showing the varying appearance of the epicuticle and the procuticle. D: Epicuticle (double-headed arrow) with several layers, the inner epicuticle (arrow) is osmiophilic; procuticle (pr) with fibrous (asterisk) and more compact parts (circle). E: Largely fibrous procuticle; the osmiophilic inner epicuticle seems to be reduced; note the space between layers 1 and 2 bridged by small vertical structures (arrow); unknown structures in the procuticle (arrowheads): F: Transition from the three-layered epicuticle (1, 2, 3) to the epicuticular parts with the space between layers 1 and 2. G: SEM images of the surface of a chitin isolate showing randomly arranged nanofibres. Inset: high power image of nanofibres.
Figure 1 in Characterisation of chitin in the cuticle of a velvet worm (Onychophora)
Figure 1. Preserved specimens (A–B) and chitin isolates (C–D) of Peripatoides novaezealandiae. A: Lateral view. B: Ventral view. C: Chitin skeleton of complete specimen. D: Chitin skeleton of a single segment.
Figure 4 in Characterisation of chitin in the cuticle of a velvet worm (Onychophora)
Figure 4. (a) Thermogravimetric (TG) and (b) derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves of chitin isolated from Peripatoides novaezealandiae.
Fig. 4 in Molecular and physiological characterization of the chitin synthase B gene isolated from CUlex pipieNS palleNS (Diptera: Culicidae)
Fig. 4 RNA interference (RNAi) of CpCHSB in third-instar larvae (n = 200). a Expression levels of CpCHSB at 72 h after injecting siCHSB assessed by RT-qPCR. b siCHSB injection into third-instar reduces body length in fourth-instar larvae, as well as midgut length (c). d Percentage of pupation (x-axis) after egg-hatching. e Comparison of wing length in wild type (WT), negative control (NC) and siCHSB adults. f Number of follicles per ovary and the number of eggs per female mosquito (g) after injecting (n = 50) siCHSB. All surviving individuals were used for measurements, and results are shown as the mean ± SE (Student's t-tests: **P <0.01, ***P <0.001)
Molecular dynamics simulation of chitin nanocrystal-water interfaces
<p>This is the data repository for the paper "­Probing the structural details of chitin nanocrystal-water interfaces by three-dimensional atomic force microscopy" by Ayhan Yurtsever, Pei-Xi Wang, Fabio Priante, Ygor Morais Jaques, Kazuki Miyata, Mark J. MacLachlan, Adam S. Foster, and Takeshi Fukuma.</p> <p>It contains:</p> <p>- The system's starting geometry (water-chitin.pdb)</p> <p>- The production trajectory, in .dcd format (nvt_prod_chitin.tar.xz, uncompressed size 1.9 GB)</p> <p>- The resulting water density, in .cube format, computed on each of the chitin surfaces (chitin_cube_densities_vmd.tar.xz, uncompressed size 3.1 GB)</p>
Protein-ligand interactions between mAMCase and chitin.
<p>This directory contains all files to analyze mouse AMCase-ligand interactions as presented in <strong>Supplemental Figure 6</strong> in the manuscript <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.542675">Díaz et al.<em> </em>(2023)</a>.</p> <p>Structure models were analyzed in PyMOL. Figures were compiled using Adobe Illustrator.</p> <p> </p> <p>Contact:</p> <p>Roberto Efraín Díaz, robertoefrain.diaz@ucsf.edu</p> <p>James Fraser, jfraser@fraserlab.com</p>
Figure 3 in Isolation and characterization of 3D chitin from a mite species Trachytes pauperior (Parasitiformes: Uropodina)
Figure 3. Purified chitin of T. pauperior of light microscopy modus (0-60X).
Figure 1 in Isolation and characterization of 3D chitin from a mite species Trachytes pauperior (Parasitiformes: Uropodina)
Figure 1. FTIR spectrum of the 3D chitin isolate from T. pauperior.
Figure 2 in Isolation and characterization of 3D chitin from a mite species Trachytes pauperior (Parasitiformes: Uropodina)
Figure 2. SEM images of chitin isolates from T. pauperior in 3D.
Refractive index tomography of chitin-containing bristles (chaetae) from Platynereis dumerilii
<p>This dataset is a supplementary material including refractive index tomograms of an article </p> <p>Ikeda, K., Belevich, I., Zelaya-Lainez, L., Orel, L., Füssl, J., Gumulec, J., Hellmich, C., Jokitalo, E., Raible, F.: Dynamic microvilli sculpt bristles at nanometric scale. Nature Communications 2024.</p> <p><strong>Biochemical isolation of bristles and imaging</strong></p> <p>Larvae were washed twice using artificial sea water. The larvae were washed in artificial seawater supplemented with 25mM EGTA, then lysed for 1 hour in Triton X-100 1% in the same buffer on ice. We could observe the appearance of a gel containing bristles. The gel was washed twice in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM, CaCl2pH 7.6. 50 μL were left inthe sample at the last wash and the gel was digested with 5 U of DNase I (Thermo Fischer Scientific) for 2.5 hours at 37°C with 360 rpm agitation. Next,the digest was supplemented with 100 μL of artificial sea water and digested with 200 μL of 2.5 μg/μL Liberase Enzyme Blend (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 hour at 50°C. The bristles were washed 3 times in artificial seawater. The isolated bristles were mounted onμ Slide I Luer (Ibidi). The refractive index tomograms of isolated bristles were obtained by Nanolive 3D Cell Explorer with 60X magnification.</p> <p>The accompanied TIFF is 32-bit, where pixel values correspond to refractive index (e.g. pixel value in image 1.335 = refractive index <em>n</em>). The pixel size is 0.182um, the Z step is 0.372 um.</p>
Functional miscibility and thermomechanical properties enhancement of substituted phthalic acetylated modified chitin filler in biopolymer composite
<p>The miscibility between hydrophobic and hydrophilic biopolymers has been of significant challenge. This study used a novel simplified chitin modification method to produce phthalic - chitin using phthalic anhydride in a substitution reaction. The FT-IR functional group analysis was used to confirm the substitution reaction. The modified chitin was used as compatibiliser in PLA/starch biocomposite to enhance its properties. The biocomposite was prepared using melt extrusion and compression moulding technique. The biocomposite's morphological, thermomechanical, and water absorption properties were characterised using scanning electron microscope, tensile test, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thickness swelling, and water absorption test. The FT-IR study shows a successful substitution reaction of the amine hydrogen ion present in the chitin as opposed to substituting the hydrogen ion in the hydroxide group. The tensile and impact properties of biocomposite incorporated with modified chitin showed better results compared with other samples. The SEM images showed uniform miscibility of the modified biocomposite. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed improved modulus value with the incorporation of modified chitin. The thermal properties showed improved thermal stability of the modified biocomposite. Furthermore, the percentage of water absorbed by biocomposite with modified chitin is reduced compared to the PLA/starch biocomposite. The produced biodegradable ternary blend can be used as a substitute for plastics in industrial applications.</p>
Data described in the article "Three-step enzymatic remodeling of chitin into bioactive chitooligomers"
<p>The Supporting Information file contains the following data: <span>PCR primers and reaction conditions for the generation of <em>Tf</em>Chit mutants; HPLC chromatogram of chitin hydrolysate; detailed sequence alignment; computational data; additional figures for modeling of <em>Tf</em>Chit;</span><span> <span>MALDI-TOF MS analysis of a mixture of insoluble chitooligomers prepared by Y445N <em>Ao</em>Hex, and <em>m/z</em> values monitored by HPLC-MS of the deacetylation reactions.</span></span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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