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37 results for “chytrid”
Data from: Is exposure to chytrid fungus and ranavirus higher in ponds invaded by American bullfrogs?
<p>Data associated with manuscript: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-025-03648-8<br><br>The spread of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and non-native invasive species are interconnected processes driving biodiversity loss. A key example involves Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and ranavirus (Rv), pathogens contributing to global amphibian declines. Their occurrence has been linked to invasive American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) serving as asymptomatic vectors. To determine the relationship between Bd and Rv exposure and bullfrogs, we investigated whether pathogen occurrence and environmental loads are correlated with the presence and density of bullfrogs and whether the seasonal variation in Bd exposure is related to bullfrog phenology. We sampled 157 ponds in Belgium, including four with known bullfrog and Bd presence that were monitored monthly for two years, using quantitative environmental DNA (eDNA) barcoding. We validated a duplexed assay that simultaneously targets Bd and Rv, and we quantified eDNA concentrations of bullfrogs, Bd, and Rv serving as proxies for density and pathogen loads. Bd was detected more frequently when bullfrogs were present and both the frequency of detection and environmental loads of Bd increased in ponds with high bullfrog densities. In contrast, Rv detection likelihood and load were not significantly related to bullfrog presence or density. Seasonal fluctuations in Bd loads varied between ponds with and without breeding activity. In the former, Bd was consistently detected, likely due to overwintering tadpoles. In the latter, Bd loads varied throughout the year, with peak loads coinciding with juvenile immigration. Collectively, our findings indicate that amphibian exposure to Bd, but not Rv, is higher in areas and periods where bullfrogs are present and occur at high densities</p>
Dataset: Complex effects of chytrid parasites on the growth of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens across interacting temperature and light gradients
<p>This dataset contains the raw and processed data used in the manuscript "Complex effects of chytrid parasites on the growth of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens across interacting temperature and light gradients", by Wierenga et al. (preprint: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.24.481659).</p> <p>An explanation of the experiment and measurements is found in the manuscript, and detailed descriptions of the data files are available in the "_file_description.txt" files inside each folder of the dataset. </p>
Fig. 2 in A Survey For Chytrid Fungus In Thai Amphibians
Fig. 2. Distribution of museum specimens sampled from Thailand for the presence of Batrachochytridum dendrobatidis. Numbers correspond to provincial names in Table 1.
Fig. 1 in A Survey For Chytrid Fungus In Thai Amphibians
Fig. 1. Predicted distribution of the fundamental niche of Batrachochytridium dendrobatidis in Southeast Asia (redrawn from Ron, 2005). Dark areas represent those regions where niche presence was predicted by more models (i.e., Overlap Index 1 means that 10 of 10 models predicted niche presence; 0 means that none of the 10 models predicted niche presence). Models are based on known New World occurrences of B. dendrobatidis.
The effect of salt dosing for chytrid mitigation on tadpoles of a threatened frog, Litoria aurea
The novel fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid) is one of the greatest threats to amphibians worldwide. Small increases in water salinity (up to ca. 4 ppt) have been shown to limit chytrid transmission between frogs, potentially providing a way to create environmental refugia to reduce its impact at a landscape scale. However, the effect of increasing water salinity on tadpoles, a life stage confined to water, is highly variable. Increased water salinity can lead to reduced size and altered growth patterns in some species, with flow-on effects to vital rates such as survival and reproduction. It is thus important to assess potential trade-offs caused by increasing salinity as a tool to mitigate chytrid in susceptible frogs. We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the effects of salinity on the survival and development of tadpoles of a threatened frog (Litoria aurea), previously demonstrated as a suitable candidate for trialling landscape manipulations to mitigate chytrid. We exposed tadpoles to salinity ranging from 1-6 ppt and measured survival, time to metamorphosis, body mass and locomotor performance of post-metamorphic frogs as a measure of fitness. Survival and time to metamorphosis did not differ between salinity treatments or controls reared in rainwater. Body mass was positively associated with increasing salinity in the first 14 days. Juvenile frogs from three salinity treatments also showed the same or better locomotor performance compared to rainwater controls, confirming that environmental salinity may influence life history traits in the larval stage, potentially as a hormetic response. Our research suggests that salt concentrations in the range previously shown to improve survival of frogs in the presence of chytrid are unlikely to impact larval development of our candidate threatened species. Our study lends support to the idea of manipulating salinity to create environmental refugia from chytrid for at least some salt-toler
Ecological barriers for an amphibian pathogen: a narrow ecological niche for Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in an Asian Chytrid hotspot
<p>We used GLM and Maxent models to predict the potential distribution of <em>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans </em>(<em>Bsal</em>)<em> </em>based on the climate, non-climate, and biotic variables.</p>
Data from: Coinfection with chytrid genotypes drives divergent infection dynamics reflecting regional distribution patterns
<p>By altering the abundance, diversity, and distribution of species — and their pathogens — globalization may inadvertently select for more virulent pathogens. In Brazil's Atlantic Forest, a hotspot of amphibian biodiversity, the global trade has facilitated the co-occurrence of previously isolated enzootic and panzootic lineages of the pathogenic amphibian-chytrid (<em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em>, 'Bd') and generated new virulent recombinant genotypes ('hybrid'). Epidemiological data indicate that amphibian declines are most severe in hybrid zones, suggesting that coinfections are causing more severe infections or selecting for higher virulence. We investigated how coinfections involving these genotypes shaped virulence and transmission. Overall, coinfection favored the more virulent and competitively superior panzootic genotype, despite dampening its transmission potential and overall virulence. However, for the least virulent and least competitive genotype, coinfection increased both overall virulence and transmission. Thus, by integrating experimental and epidemiological data, our results provide a mechanistic insight into how globalization can select for, and propel, the emergence of introduced hypervirulent lineages, such as the globally distributed panzootic lineage of Bd.</p>
Nor climate, nor human impact factors: Chytrid infection shapes the skin microbiome of an endemic amphibian along a biodiversity hotspot
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Effects of latitudinal, seasonal, and daily temperature variations on chytrid fungal infections in a North American frog
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Efficacy of prophylaxis dose and duration on host defense against the deadly chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
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Data from: Analyses Xenopus laevis mast cells, neutrophils, and mast cell-enriched, chytrid infected skin
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Data from: Coinfection with chytrid genotypes drives divergent infection dynamics reflecting regional distribution patterns
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Torrent frogs have fewer macroparasites but higher rates of chytrid infection in landscapes with smaller forest cover
<p>data set and R script (statistical analysis)</p>
Data from: Sustained immune activation is associated with susceptibility to the amphibian chytrid fungus
The disease chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Bd has devastated amphibian populations worldwide. Functional genomic contributions to host susceptibility remain enigmatic and vary between species and populations. We conducted experimental Bd infections in Rana yavapaiensis, a species with intraspecific variation in chytridiomycosis susceptibility, to assess the skin and spleen transcriptomic response to infection over time. We predicted that increased immune gene expression would be associated with a positive disease outcome, but we instead found that surviving frogs had significantly reduced immune gene expression compared to susceptible frogs and to uninfected controls. MHC class II gene expression was also significantly higher in susceptible frogs compared to surviving frogs. Furthermore, susceptible frogs expressed a significantly larger number of distinct class II alleles, demonstrating a negative correlation between class II expression, functional diversity, and survival. Expression of the MHC class II locus previously associated with Bd disease outcomes was a significant predictor of Bd infection intensity at early infection stages but not at late infection stages, suggesting initial MHC-linked immune processes are important for ultimate disease outcomes. We infer through disease association and phylogenetic analysis that certain MHC variants are linked to the immune expression that was negatively associated with survival, and we hypothesize that frogs that did not express these alleles could better survive infections. Our study finds that MHC expression at early and late infection stages predicts Bd infection intensity, and suggests that generating a sustained immune response against Bd may be counterproductive for surviving chytridiomycosis in this partially susceptible species.
Data from: Unlocking the story in the swab: A new genotyping assay for the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
One of the most devastating emerging pathogens of wildlife is the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which affects hundreds of amphibian species around the world. Genomic data from pure Bd cultures has advanced our understanding of Bd phylogenetics, genomic architecture, and mechanisms of virulence. However pure cultures are laborious to obtain and whole genome sequencing is comparatively expensive, so relatively few isolates have been genetically characterized. Thus we still know little about the genetic diversity of Bd in natural systems. The most common non-invasive method of sampling Bd from natural populations is to swab amphibian skin. Hundreds of thousands of swabs have been collected from amphibians around the world, but Bd DNA collected via swabs is often low in quality and/or quantity. In this study, we developed a custom Bd genotyping assay using the Fluidigm Access Array platform to amplify 192 carefully-selected regions of the Bd genome. We obtained robust sequence data for pure Bd cultures and field-collected skin swabs. This new assay has the power to accurately discriminate among the major Bd clades, recovering the basic tree topology previously revealed using whole genome data. Additionally, we established a critical value for initial Bd load for swab samples (150 Bd genomic equivalents) above which our assay performs well. By leveraging advances in microfluidic multiplex PCR technology and the globally distributed resource of amphibian swab samples, non-invasive skin swabs can now be used to address critical spatial and temporal questions about Bd and its effects on declining amphibian populations.
Data from: Fragile coexistence of a global chytrid pathogen with amphibian populations is mediated by environment and demography
Unravelling the multiple interacting drivers of host pathogen co-existence is crucial in understanding how an apparently stable state of endemism may shift towards an epidemic and lead to biodiversity loss. Here, we investigate the apparent co-existence of the global amphibian pathogen *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* (Bd) with *Bombina variegata* populations in the Netherlands over a seven-year period. We used a multi-season mark-recapture data set and assessed potential drivers of co-existence (individual condition, environmental mediation and demographic compensation) at the individual and population level. We show that even in a situation with a clear cost incurred by endemic Bd, population sizes remain largely stable. Current environmental conditions and an over-dispersed pathogen load likely stabilize disease dynamics, but as higher temperatures increase infection probability, changing environmental conditions, for example a climate change-driven rise in temperature, could unbalance the current fragile host-pathogen equilibrium. Understanding the proximate mechanisms of such environmental mediation and of site-specific differences in infection dynamics can provide vital information for mitigation actions.
Data from: Joint effects of habitat, zooplankton, host stage structure and diversity on amphibian chytrid
Why does the severity of parasite infection differ dramatically across habitats? This question remains challenging to answer because multiple correlated pathways drive disease. Here, we examined habitat–disease links through direct effects on parasites and indirect effects on parasite predators (zooplankton), host diversity and key life stages of hosts. We used a case study of amphibian hosts and the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in a set of permanent and ephemeral alpine ponds. A field experiment showed that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) killed the free-living infectious stage of the parasite. Yet, permanent ponds with more UVR exposure had higher infection prevalence. Two habitat-related indirect effects worked together to counteract parasite losses from UVR: (i) UVR reduced the density of parasite predators and (ii) permanent sites fostered multi-season host larvae that fuelled parasite production. Host diversity was unlinked to hydroperiod or UVR but counteracted parasite gains; sites with higher diversity of host species had lower prevalence of infection. Thus, while habitat structure explained considerable variation in infection prevalence through two indirect pathways, it could not account for everything. This study demonstrates the importance of creating mechanistic, food web-based links between multiple habitat dimensions and disease.
Amphibian resistance to chytridiomycosis increases following low virulence chytrid fungal infection or drug-mediated clearance
<p>Amphibian biodiversity is experiencing ongoing declines due in part to the infectious disease, chytridiomycosis. Efforts to mitigate the effects of the causal agent of chytridiomycosis, <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>), in the wild have not been wholly effective. Translocations are an important management tool for amphibians, and immunizations represent a possible strategy for preparing amphibians for release across a landscape where <em>Bd</em> exists.</p> <p>We evaluated the utility of using an isolate of <em>Bd</em> that was shown to be hypovirulent to the relict leopard frog (<em>Rana onca</em>) as a transmissible inoculum for promoting chytridiomycosis-resistance. We conducted a cohousing experiment to determine if the isolate we used could be passed between <em>R. onca </em>without increasing in virulence. We then followed with an experiment where frogs that were exposed to the hypovirulent isolate were then challenged with a virulent <em>Bd </em>isolate. In other experiments, we evaluated whether <em>Bd</em> infections followed by clearance with itraconazole (an antifungal) could increase resistance to chytridiomycosis in <em>R. onca</em> and <em>Rana pipiens</em> (northern leopard frog).</p> <p>We found that our hypovirulent <em>Bd</em> inoculation was transmissible between hosts, did not cause chytridiomycosis, and was effective at increasing chytridiomycosis-resistance. <em>Rana onca</em> inoculated with the hypovirulent <em>Bd</em> isolate had lower pathogen burdens and were 55 times more likely to survive infections by a virulent <em>Bd</em> isolate than non-inoculated frogs.</p> <p>For both species, prior exposure to <em>Bd</em> followed by infection clearance with itraconazole resulted in significantly increased survivorship and lower pathogen burdens as compared to controls that had no prior <em>Bd</em> exposure. <em>Rana onca</em> that were previously exposed to <em>Bd</em> were more than 15 times more likely to survive infections. Previously exposed <em>R. pipiens</em> survived in higher proportions than controls, but with weaker statistical support. </p>
Data from: Fragile coexistence of a global chytrid pathogen with amphibian populations is mediated by environment and demography
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Data from: Globally invasive genotypes of the amphibian chytrid outcompete an enzootic lineage in coinfections
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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