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15 results for “chytrid fungus”
Data from: Is exposure to chytrid fungus and ranavirus higher in ponds invaded by American bullfrogs?
<p>Data associated with manuscript: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-025-03648-8<br><br>The spread of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and non-native invasive species are interconnected processes driving biodiversity loss. A key example involves Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and ranavirus (Rv), pathogens contributing to global amphibian declines. Their occurrence has been linked to invasive American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) serving as asymptomatic vectors. To determine the relationship between Bd and Rv exposure and bullfrogs, we investigated whether pathogen occurrence and environmental loads are correlated with the presence and density of bullfrogs and whether the seasonal variation in Bd exposure is related to bullfrog phenology. We sampled 157 ponds in Belgium, including four with known bullfrog and Bd presence that were monitored monthly for two years, using quantitative environmental DNA (eDNA) barcoding. We validated a duplexed assay that simultaneously targets Bd and Rv, and we quantified eDNA concentrations of bullfrogs, Bd, and Rv serving as proxies for density and pathogen loads. Bd was detected more frequently when bullfrogs were present and both the frequency of detection and environmental loads of Bd increased in ponds with high bullfrog densities. In contrast, Rv detection likelihood and load were not significantly related to bullfrog presence or density. Seasonal fluctuations in Bd loads varied between ponds with and without breeding activity. In the former, Bd was consistently detected, likely due to overwintering tadpoles. In the latter, Bd loads varied throughout the year, with peak loads coinciding with juvenile immigration. Collectively, our findings indicate that amphibian exposure to Bd, but not Rv, is higher in areas and periods where bullfrogs are present and occur at high densities</p>
Fig. 2 in A Survey For Chytrid Fungus In Thai Amphibians
Fig. 2. Distribution of museum specimens sampled from Thailand for the presence of Batrachochytridum dendrobatidis. Numbers correspond to provincial names in Table 1.
Fig. 1 in A Survey For Chytrid Fungus In Thai Amphibians
Fig. 1. Predicted distribution of the fundamental niche of Batrachochytridium dendrobatidis in Southeast Asia (redrawn from Ron, 2005). Dark areas represent those regions where niche presence was predicted by more models (i.e., Overlap Index 1 means that 10 of 10 models predicted niche presence; 0 means that none of the 10 models predicted niche presence). Models are based on known New World occurrences of B. dendrobatidis.
Efficacy of prophylaxis dose and duration on host defense against the deadly chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
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Data from: Sustained immune activation is associated with susceptibility to the amphibian chytrid fungus
The disease chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Bd has devastated amphibian populations worldwide. Functional genomic contributions to host susceptibility remain enigmatic and vary between species and populations. We conducted experimental Bd infections in Rana yavapaiensis, a species with intraspecific variation in chytridiomycosis susceptibility, to assess the skin and spleen transcriptomic response to infection over time. We predicted that increased immune gene expression would be associated with a positive disease outcome, but we instead found that surviving frogs had significantly reduced immune gene expression compared to susceptible frogs and to uninfected controls. MHC class II gene expression was also significantly higher in susceptible frogs compared to surviving frogs. Furthermore, susceptible frogs expressed a significantly larger number of distinct class II alleles, demonstrating a negative correlation between class II expression, functional diversity, and survival. Expression of the MHC class II locus previously associated with Bd disease outcomes was a significant predictor of Bd infection intensity at early infection stages but not at late infection stages, suggesting initial MHC-linked immune processes are important for ultimate disease outcomes. We infer through disease association and phylogenetic analysis that certain MHC variants are linked to the immune expression that was negatively associated with survival, and we hypothesize that frogs that did not express these alleles could better survive infections. Our study finds that MHC expression at early and late infection stages predicts Bd infection intensity, and suggests that generating a sustained immune response against Bd may be counterproductive for surviving chytridiomycosis in this partially susceptible species.
Data from: Unlocking the story in the swab: A new genotyping assay for the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
One of the most devastating emerging pathogens of wildlife is the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which affects hundreds of amphibian species around the world. Genomic data from pure Bd cultures has advanced our understanding of Bd phylogenetics, genomic architecture, and mechanisms of virulence. However pure cultures are laborious to obtain and whole genome sequencing is comparatively expensive, so relatively few isolates have been genetically characterized. Thus we still know little about the genetic diversity of Bd in natural systems. The most common non-invasive method of sampling Bd from natural populations is to swab amphibian skin. Hundreds of thousands of swabs have been collected from amphibians around the world, but Bd DNA collected via swabs is often low in quality and/or quantity. In this study, we developed a custom Bd genotyping assay using the Fluidigm Access Array platform to amplify 192 carefully-selected regions of the Bd genome. We obtained robust sequence data for pure Bd cultures and field-collected skin swabs. This new assay has the power to accurately discriminate among the major Bd clades, recovering the basic tree topology previously revealed using whole genome data. Additionally, we established a critical value for initial Bd load for swab samples (150 Bd genomic equivalents) above which our assay performs well. By leveraging advances in microfluidic multiplex PCR technology and the globally distributed resource of amphibian swab samples, non-invasive skin swabs can now be used to address critical spatial and temporal questions about Bd and its effects on declining amphibian populations.
Data from: Unlocking the story in the swab: A new genotyping assay for the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
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Data from: Effects of pesticide mixtures on host-pathogen dynamics of the amphibian chytrid fungus
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Data from: Spread of amphibian chytrid fungus across lowland populations of Túngara frogs in Panamá
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Data from: Sustained immune activation is associated with susceptibility to the amphibian chytrid fungus
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Data from: Skin sloughing rate increases with chytrid fungus infection load in a susceptible amphibian
1. Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is responsible for the greatest disease-driven loss of vertebrate biodiversity in recorded history. Understanding drivers of host susceptibility to this cutaneous disease is hindered by gaps in our knowledge of the host–pathogen relationship. One such overlooked aspect of susceptibility is variation in skin maintenance processes, particularly skin turnover via routine sloughing. It has been suggested that sloughing plays a role in immune defence, by removing skin-associated microbes. Thus, skin sloughing may play an important role in the pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis. 2. To determine the relationship between skin sloughing and disease progression, we exposed adult Australian green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) to a local Bd strain and monitored sloughing rates and individual infection loads on a naturalistic cycling temperature regime (15–23 °C). 3. We determined sloughing rates in real-time by using an array of infrared video cameras to film frog behaviour and monitored infection load before and after sloughing by swabbing and analysis with quantitative PCR. 4. We found that sloughing rate increased with Bd infection load in infected frogs, but sloughing itself did not affect Bd load on the ventral skin surface. Furthermore, Bd infection did not affect the duration of characteristic sloughing behaviour, and sloughing retained rhythmicity even at high infection loads. 5. Although an increased sloughing rate might be considered advantageous for Bd-infected animals, it does not appear to curb the progression of disease and may actually contribute to the loss of physiological homoeostasis seen in terminally ill frogs by further inhibiting water and electrolyte transport across the skin. 6. By measuring sloughing rates directly for the first time, our results shed light on how Bd interacts with the physiological processes of the skin and indicate that variation in skin sloughing frequency may play a role in the observed inter- and intraspecific variation in susceptibility to disease.
Data from: Integral Projection Models for host-parasite systems with an application to amphibian chytrid fungus
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Data from: Skin sloughing rate increases with chytrid fungus infection load in a susceptible amphibian
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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Response of Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis to Infection with the Deadly Chytrid Fungus
GEO Series GSE16852. Xenopus tropicalis. 26 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Only skin deep: shared genetic response to the deadly chytrid fungus in susceptible frog species
GEO Series GSE34235. Rana muscosa; Rana sierrae. 60 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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