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22 results for “chytridiomycosis”
Data and code for 'Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk'
<p>This repository provides all data and R code from the analysis presented in the following paper:</p> <p>Turner, A., Heard, G., Hall, A., Wassens, S. (in review). Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk.</p> <p>The data are provided as a series of .csv files, R script and two zip folders of R packages (Surv_mod and VB_mod)</p> <p>1. <strong>Skeleto_dat_ready_Jan2021.csv</strong> Data from frog surveys conducted by Anna Turner</p> <p>2. <strong>Geoffs_data.csv</strong> Data from frog surveys conducted by Geoff Heard</p> <p>3. <strong>Environmental_variables_skeleto.csv</strong> Environmental data collected during surveys </p> <p>4. <strong>sk.dat_July21.csv</strong> Collated data from Anna and Geoff - created by 'Data_collation_for_analysis_2.R' ready for analysis</p> <p>5. <strong>Variables_that_are_highly_correlated_with_each_other_season_wide.csv</strong> Testing for correlation</p> <p>6. <strong>Model_structure_skeleto_2.csv </strong>creates model structure for analysis</p> <p>7. <strong>Model_selection_statistics_June_21.csv </strong>Output from model</p> <p>R code is provided seperately for each of the following components:</p> <p>1. <strong>Data_collation_for_analysis_2.R</strong> Collating data from Anna and Geoffs datasets</p> <p>2. <strong>Skeleto_analysis_5.R - </strong>First uses regression modelling to explore factors correlated with variation in age</p> <p> - Following Scheele et al. (2016) regression models with a poisson distribution</p> <p> - Use bayesian non-linear regression to fit the Von Bertalanffy growth model to size-at-age data</p> <p> - Plots male and female growth curves</p> <p> - Uses catch curve approach to estimate survival from best fitting regression model following Scroggie (2012) but with bayesian implementation</p>
Data from: Dynamic effects of thermal acclimation on chytridiomycosis infection intensity and transmission potential in Xenopus laevis
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Challenging a host-pathogen paradigm: Susceptibility to chytridiomycosis is decoupled from genetic erosion
<p>The putatively positive association between host genetic diversity and the ability to defend against pathogens has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the chytrid fungus <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>), has emerged in recent decades as a cause of dramatic declines and extinctions across the amphibian clade. Bd susceptibility can vary widely across populations of the same species, but the relationship between standing genetic diversity and susceptibility has remained notably underexplored so far. Here, we focus on a putatively <em>Bd</em>-naive system of two mainland and two island populations of the common toad (<em>Bufo bufo</em>) at the edge of the species' range, and use controlled infection experiments and dd-RAD sequencing of >10,000 SNPs across 95 individuals to characterise the role of host population identity, genetic variation and individual body mass in mediating host response to the pathogen. We found strong genetic differentiation between populations and marked variation in their susceptibility to Bd. This variation was not, however, governed by isolation-mediated genetic erosion, and individual heterozygosity was even found to be negatively correlated with survival. Individual survival during infection experiments was strongly positively related to body mass, which itself was unrelated to population of origin or heterozygosity. Our findings underscore the general importance of context-dependency when assessing the role of host genetic variation for the ability of defence against pathogens.</p>
Chytridiomycosis and climate change: exposure to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and mild winter conditions do not increase mortality in juvenile agile frogs during hibernation
<p>Datasets and analyses for "Chytridiomycosis and climate change: exposure to <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> and mild winter conditions do not increase mortality in juvenile agile frogs during hibernation" by Kásler A., Holly D., Herczeg D., Ujszegi J. and Hettyey A., published online on 22nd January 2023 in Animal Conservation.</p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12851">https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12851</a></p>
Challenging a host-pathogen paradigm: Susceptibility to chytridiomycosis is decoupled from genetic erosion
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Amphibian resistance to chytridiomycosis increases following low virulence chytrid fungal infection or drug-mediated clearance
<p>Amphibian biodiversity is experiencing ongoing declines due in part to the infectious disease, chytridiomycosis. Efforts to mitigate the effects of the causal agent of chytridiomycosis, <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>), in the wild have not been wholly effective. Translocations are an important management tool for amphibians, and immunizations represent a possible strategy for preparing amphibians for release across a landscape where <em>Bd</em> exists.</p> <p>We evaluated the utility of using an isolate of <em>Bd</em> that was shown to be hypovirulent to the relict leopard frog (<em>Rana onca</em>) as a transmissible inoculum for promoting chytridiomycosis-resistance. We conducted a cohousing experiment to determine if the isolate we used could be passed between <em>R. onca </em>without increasing in virulence. We then followed with an experiment where frogs that were exposed to the hypovirulent isolate were then challenged with a virulent <em>Bd </em>isolate. In other experiments, we evaluated whether <em>Bd</em> infections followed by clearance with itraconazole (an antifungal) could increase resistance to chytridiomycosis in <em>R. onca</em> and <em>Rana pipiens</em> (northern leopard frog).</p> <p>We found that our hypovirulent <em>Bd</em> inoculation was transmissible between hosts, did not cause chytridiomycosis, and was effective at increasing chytridiomycosis-resistance. <em>Rana onca</em> inoculated with the hypovirulent <em>Bd</em> isolate had lower pathogen burdens and were 55 times more likely to survive infections by a virulent <em>Bd</em> isolate than non-inoculated frogs.</p> <p>For both species, prior exposure to <em>Bd</em> followed by infection clearance with itraconazole resulted in significantly increased survivorship and lower pathogen burdens as compared to controls that had no prior <em>Bd</em> exposure. <em>Rana onca</em> that were previously exposed to <em>Bd</em> were more than 15 times more likely to survive infections. Previously exposed <em>R. pipiens</em> survived in higher proportions than controls, but with weaker statistical support. </p>
FIGURE 5 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis
FIGURE 5. The floor of mouth of Amietia ruwenzorica stage 35 (SL 437). Abbreviations: BFA = buccal floor arena (encircled by the dashed line), LJ = lower jaw, OP = pustulations in the oral orifice, TA = tongue anlage, LP = lingual papilla, IP = infralabial papillae, BFAP = buccal floor arena papillae or pustulations (smaller than the height twice the diameter of the base), BP = buccal pocket, VV = ventral velum, VVP = velar papilla, FP = filter plate, G = glottis (terminology according to Wassersug 1976, 1980, Viertel 1982).
FIGURE 1. Preserved Amietia ruwenzorica stage 28 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis
FIGURE 1. Preserved Amietia ruwenzorica stage 28 (SL 437): (a) lateral view with sinistral spiracular tube (S); (b) ventral view demonstrating the ventral position of oral disc (OD); (c) dorsal view showing sinistral spiracular tube; (d) extension of oral disc; (e) dextral anal tube or vent tube (AT). Scale bar equals 2 mm in (a)–(d) and 1 mm in (e).
FIGURE 4 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis
FIGURE 4. The roof of mouth of Amietia ruwenzorica stage 35 (SL 437): (a) complete view; (b) connection of dorsal velum and ciliary cushions; (c) median ridge with the anterior papillae; (d) and (e) median ridge with the anterior papillae, the number postnarial papillae and the number and arrangement of lateral ridge papillae. Abbreviations: PRNA = prenarial arena (encircled by the dashed line), PONA = postnarial arena (encircled by the dashed line), BRA = buccal roof arena (encircled by the dashed line), PAP = prenarial arena pustulations, UJ = upper jaw, POP = postnarial papillae, PRP = prenarial papillae or pustulations, CH = choanae or internal nares, NVP = narial valve projection, LRP = lateral ridge papillae, MR = median ridge, BRAP = buccal roof arena papillae or pustulations (smaller than the height twice the diameter of the base), VP = prevelar papillae or pustulations, GZ = glandular zone, DV = dorsal velum (terminology according to Wassersug 1976, 1980, Viertel 1982).
FIGURE 3 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis
FIGURE 3. The cusped labial teeth of Amietia ruwenzorica (SL 437): (a) uniserial position of the teeth on the tooth row; (b) lateral view of a tooth, stage 38; (c) view from the oral opening, stage 38. C = cusp (terminology according to Altig & McDiarmid 1999b).
FIGURE 2 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis
FIGURE 2. Oral disc (OD) with labial tooth rows in preserved Amietia ruwenzorica specimens: (a) stage 28 larva (SL 437, same individual as in Fig. 1, OD width 6.48 mm), unchanged morphology; (b) stage 36 (SL 437, scale bar equals 3 mm) and (c) stage 31 larva (SL 437, scale bar equals 1 mm) with abnormally keratinized parts of upper and lower jaw sheaths (arrows) and tooth rows (rectangles); (d) stage 28 larva (SL 437, scale bar equals 2 mm) with missing tooth rows. Abbreviations: G = gap of divided (div) tooth rows, A-1 to A-10 = first to tenth tooth row of the anterior (upper) labium, P-1 to P-10 = first to tenth tooth row of the posterior (lower) labium, LJ = lower jaw sheath, UJ = upper jaw sheath, MP = marginal papillae, SM = submarginal papillae (terminology according to Altig & McDiarmid 1999b).
FIGURE 7 in The stream-dwelling larva of the Ruwenzori River Frog, Amietia ruwenzorica, its buccal cavity and pathology of chytridiomycosis
FIGURE 7. Chytridiomycosis in Amietia ruwenzorica. (a) discharge tube of a Bd sporangium protruding through the epidemis of stage 31 (SL 437), same specimen as in Figure 2c; (b) discharge tube of a Bd sporangium in the sloughing epidermis, stage 28 (SL 448); (c) labial teeth anlage (LT) covered by Bd sporangia, stage 36 (SL 437), same individual as in Figure 2b; (d) immature solid Bd sporangium (I) in the deeper epidermis; (e) mature sporangium (M) and an open empty stage (D); (f) empty Bd sporangium with septum (S); (d–f) stage 28 (SL 437), same specimen as in Figure 2d, (c–f). Light-microscopical hematoxilin and eosin stained sections (terminology according to Longcore & Pessier 1999, Berger et al. 2005).
Data from: Effectiveness of antifungal treatments during chytridiomycosis epizootics in populations of an endangered frog
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Data from: Historical amphibian declines and extinctions in Brazil linked to chytridiomycosis
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Data from: Variation in individual temperature preferences, not behavioural fever, affects susceptibility to chytridiomycosis in amphibians
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Amphibian resistance to chytridiomycosis increases following low virulence chytrid fungal infection or drug-mediated clearance
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Data from: Survival, gene and metabolite responses of Litoria verreauxii alpina frogs to fungal disease chytridiomycosis
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Data from: Susceptibility of amphibians to chytridiomycosis is associated with MHC class II conformation
The pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) can cause precipitous population declines in its amphibian hosts. Responses of individuals to infection vary greatly with the capacity of their immune system to respond to the pathogen. We used a combination of comparative and experimental approaches to identify major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) alleles encoding molecules that foster the survival of Bd-infected amphibians. We found that Bd-resistant amphibians across four continents share common amino acids in three binding pockets of the MHC-II antigen-binding groove. Moreover, strong signals of selection acting on these specific sites were evident among all species co-existing with the pathogen. In the laboratory, we experimentally inoculated Australian tree frogs with Bd to test how each binding pocket conformation influences disease resistance. Only the conformation of MHC-II pocket 9 of surviving subjects matched those of Bd-resistant species. This MHC-II conformation thus may determine amphibian resistance to Bd, although other MHC-II binding pockets also may contribute to resistance. Rescuing amphibian biodiversity will depend on our understanding of amphibian immune defence mechanisms against Bd. The identification of adaptive genetic markers for Bd resistance represents an important step forward towards that goal.
Data from: Susceptibility of amphibians to chytridiomycosis is associated with MHC class II conformation
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Data from: Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: distribution, haplotypes, and possible entry into Japan
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