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7 results for “climate aridification”
Pushing the limits of C3 intrinsic water use efficiency in Mediterranean semiarid steppes: responses of a drought-avoider perennial grass to climate aridification
<ol> <li>Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) reflects the trade-off between photosynthetic carbon gain and water loss through stomatal conductance and is key for understanding dryland plant responses to climate change. <em>Stipa tenacissima</em> is a perennial tussock C<sub>3</sub> grass with an opportunistic, drought-avoiding water use strategy that dominates arid and semiarid steppes across the western Mediterranean region. However, its ecophysiological responses to aridification and woody shrub encroachment, a major land-use change in drylands worldwide, are not well understood.</li> <li>We investigated the variations in leaf stable isotopes (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>15</sup>N), nutrient concentrations (N, P, K), and culm water content and isotopic composition (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>2</sup>H) of paired pure-grass and shrub-encroached <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes along a 350 km aridity gradient in Spain (10 sites, 160 individuals). </li> <li>Culm water isotopes revealed that <em>S. tenacissima</em> is a shallow-rooted grass that depends heavily on recent rainwater for water uptake, which may render it vulnerable to increasingly irregular rainfall combined with faster topsoil drying under climate warming and aridification. With increasing aridity, <em>S. tenacissima</em> enhanced leaf-level WUEi through more stringent stomatal regulation of plant water flux and carbon assimilation (higher δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O), reaching exceptionally high δ<sup>13</sup>C values (-23 to -21‰) at the most arid steppes. Foliar N concentration was remarkably low across sites regardless of woody shrub encroachment, evidencing severe water and N co-limitation of photosynthesis and productivity. Shrub encroachment decreased leaf P and K but did not affect <em>S. tenacissima</em> water status. Perennial grass cover decreased markedly with both declining winter rainfall and shrub encroachment suggesting population- rather than individual-level responses of <em>S. tenacissima</em> to these changes.</li> <li>The fundamental physiological constraints of photosynthetic C<sub>3</sub> metabolism combined with low foliar N content may hamper the ability of <em>S. tenacissima</em> and other drought-avoider species with shallow roots to achieve further adaptive improvements in WUEi under increasing climatic stress. A drought-avoiding water use strategy based on early stomatal closure and photosynthesis suppression during prolonged rainless periods may thus compromise the capacity of <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes to maintain perennial grass cover, sustain productivity and cope with ongoing climate aridification at the drier parts of their current distribution. </li> </ol>
Pushing the limits of C3 intrinsic water use efficiency in Mediterranean semiarid steppes: responses of a drought-avoider perennial grass to climate aridification
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Fig. 4 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 4. Estimation of ancestral ranges for the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 in four biogeographical regions: Tajik and north Pamir blocks (northern Afghanistan and southern China, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) (A); western Cimmeria, including only the Farah, Helmand, south and central Pamirs (SP and CP, respectively), Karakorum (K) and Band-e Bayan (BB) blocks (present-day Afghanistan and northern Pakistan) (B); northwest Annamite Mountains (Khammouan Karst, Laos) (C); northeast Annamite Mountains (Phong Nha-Ke Montenat (2009), Collett et al. (2015), Robinson (2015), Siehl (2017), and Li et al. (2020).
Fig. 3 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 3. Estimation of divergence times (A) in evolution of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 with palaeogeographical reconstructions (B) indicating tectonic positions and past and present plate boundaries. Geological time periods on phylogeny include Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian,Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic. Divergence ages (in millions of years) plotted on phylogeny. Circled numbers denote three divergence events leading to Pseudochactidae and its three subfamilies.Timeline for origins, dispersal, and diversification of Pseudochactidae as follows: Carboniferous (340 Ma), Pseudochactidae originates near Tajik block (colored grey area), situated among chain of continental blocks and island arcs between Turkestan and Palaeo-Tethys Oceans. Jurassic–Triassic Boundary (202 Ma): Cimmerian continent collides with Eurasia and Indochina in the Jurassic, allowing ancestor of
Fig. 2 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 2. Preferred phylogeny (A) of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 based on simultaneous analysis of the morphological and molecular datasets using Maximum Likelihood with unambiguous morphological synapomorphies optimized. Black circles indicate uniquely derived apomorphic states, white circles, parallel deviations of apomorphic states. Numbers above circles indicate characters, numbers below indicate states (Supp Appendices 2 and 3 [online only]). Dorsal habitus (B–F) of five species of Pseudochactidae: Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov 1998, Babatag, Uzbekistan, ♀ (AMNH) (B), Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço 2007,Tham Xe Bang Fai, Laos, ♀ (AMNH) (C), Aemngvantom thamnongpaseuam Prendini et al. 2021,Tham Nong Pa Seuam, Laos, holotype ♀ (AMNH) (D), Aemngvantom lao (Lourenço 2012),Tham Nam Lot (Lod), Laos, ♀ (AMNH) (E) and Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham 2010,Tiên Sơn, Vietnam,♀ (AMNH) (F). Scale bars = 10 mm.
Fig. 1 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 1. Distribution of subfamilies of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998: Pseudochactinae Gromov 1998, Troglokhammouaninae Prendini et al. 2021, Vietbocapinae Lourenço 2007.
Fig. 5 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 5. Preferred ancestral state reconstruction (A) for the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 using ARD model of troglomorphism index (scale = 1–10) ranging from epigean (score = 1) to hypogean, troglobitic (score = 10). Ecomorphotypes classified as epigean (1–5); hypogean, troglophilic (6–8); and hypogean, troglobitic (9–10). Carapace (B–D) of three pseudochactid species, representing each ecomorphotype: epigean: Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov 1998 (B); troglophilic: Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço 2007 (C); and troglobitic: Vietbocap canhi Lourenço 2010 (D).
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.