Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Teaser Local Climate Zone maps extracted from the global map of Local Climate Zones.

Local Climate Zone teaser maps for the 15 largest functional urban areas stratified by urban ecoregion. The data is extracted from the global 100 m spatial resolution LCZ map, and is used to plot Figures 5, 6 and 7 of Demuzere et al. (2022a). The full global LCZ map is available via Demuzere et al. (2022b). See readme.txt for more details. Demuzere, M., Kittner, J., Martilli, A., Mills, G., Moede, C., Stewart, I. D., Vliet, J. van, & Bechtel, B. (2022a). A global map of Local Climate Zones to support earth system modelling and urban scale environmental science. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. Demuzere M, Kittner J, Martilli A, et al. Global map of Local Climate Zones. Zenodo. 2022b. doi:10.5281/zenodo.6364594

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Historical Local Climate Zones (LCZ) maps for Hong Kong (1845-2000)

This dataset contains GIS maps of the historical urbanization of Hong Kong at 12 timeslices from 1845-2000 (1845, 1888, 1895, 1913, 1938, 1945, 1952, 1961, 1975, 1984, 1995, and 2000). These maps were compiled through classification of historical map material, photographs, paintings, and contemporary textual accounts. The maps describe the land cover of the historical urban core of the territory of Hong Kong: Victoria City on Hong Kong Island, and the Kowloon Peninsula on the mainland. Urban form is described in terms of the Local Climate Zones (LCZ) scheme presented by Stewart & Oke (2012). The dataset is currently in the format of a QGIS archive, but other file formats will be made available in the future and can be requested from the authors at any time. For further details on the process of generating the maps and their application, please see Yee and Kaplan (2022).   Yee, M., & Kaplan, J. O. (2022). Drivers of urban heat in Hong Kong over the past 116 years. Urban Climate. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2022/101308 Stewart, I. D., & Oke, T. R. (2012). Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies. Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society, 93(12), 1879-1900. doi:10.1175/bams-d-11-00019.1

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2017View details →

Climate based seed zones for Mexico: spatial grids to guide reforestation under observed and projected climate change

This database entry provides climate-based seed zone system for Mexico to address climate change observed over the last 30 years and projected climate change for the 2050s. The database corresponds to a journal publication by Castellanos-Acuña et al. (2018), available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-017-9620-6. This seed zone classification is based on bands of two climate variables that have often been shown to drive genetic adaptation of tree species: mean coldest month temperature (MCMT), and an aridity index (AHM). MCMT was divided into ten bands of 3°C intervals, with the limits of these bands being, temperatures below <2°C, 2-5°, 5-8°, 8-11°, 11-14°, 14-17°, 17-20°, 20-23°, 23-26°, >26°C. AHM was divided into seven bands with intervals that are approximately equal width under a log-transformation: <20, 20-30, 30-45, 45-65, 65-95, 95-140, and >140 °C/mm. The gridded files provided in this database entry, the classes are coded as integer numbers, with the last digit representing the AHM class (1-7) and the first or first and second digit representing the MCMT class (1-10).

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

A hybrid 100-m global land cover dataset with Local Climate Zones for WRF

This hybrid 100-m CGLC-MODIS-LCZ global land cover dataset is produced for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model starting from version 4.5. It is based on 1) the Copernicus Global Land Service Land Cover (CGLC, Buchhorn et al., 2021) product resampled to MODIS IGBP classes (CGLC-MODIS), and 2) the global map of Local Climate Zones (LCZ, Demuzere et al., 2022a, b) that describes the urban and built-up land surface. Both the CGLC and LCZ products are available at a 100-m spatial resolution, are representative for the year 2018, and cover -180°W to 180°E and -60°S to 78°N. Remaining areas are filled with the MODIS land cover classes. This dataset has been implemented into the WRF Preprocessing System (WPS) as <a href="https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get_sources_wps_geog.html">tiled binary data files</a> with <a href="https://github.com/wrf-model/WPS/blob/develop/geogrid/GEOGRID.TBL.ARW_LCZ">a new GEOGRID table entry</a> to allow WRF/WPS users to flexibly use this dataset in their studies particularly for urban modeling applications. To display the dataset in QGIS, cmap_Qgis_CGLC_MOD_LCZ.txt can be used as a color scheme. For more details, please read the technical documentation:  <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670792">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670792</a>. References: Buchhorn, M., Smets, B., Bertels, L., De Roo, B., Lesiv, M., Tsendbazar, N.-E., Li, L., Tarko, A. Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: version 3 Globe 2015-2019: Product User Manual (Dataset v3.0, doc issue 3.4). Product User Manual; Zenodo, Geneve, Switzerland, September 2020; doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3938963 Demuzere M, Kittner J, Martilli A, et al. A global map of local climate zones to support earth system modelling and urban-scale environmental science. Earth Syst Sci Data. 2022a;14(8):3835-3873. doi:10.5194/essd-14-3835-2022 Demuzere M, Kittner J, Martilli A, et al. (2022). Global map of Local Climate Zones (2.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364593

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

Climate Record of Wintertime Wave-Affected Marginal Ice Zones in the Atlantic Arctic based on CryoSat-2,2010-2022

This record contains data related to article "A 12-Year Climate Record of Wintertime Wave-Affected Marginal Ice Zones in the Atlantic Arctic based on CryoSat-2 ". Wave-affected marginal ice zone (MIZ) is an integral part of the sea ice cover, and a key region for air-ice-sea interactions in polar regions. We develop a novel retrieval algorithm for wave-affected MIZs based on the delay-Doppler radar altimeter onboard CryoSat-2 (CS2). CS2 waveform power and the waveform stack statistics are used to determine the MIZ locations. Based on the CS2 data since 2010, we generate a record of wave-affected MIZs in the Atlantic Arctic, spanning 12 winters between 2010 and 2022. The dataset contains two parts. First, the txt file contains retrieved MIZ locations obtained from each single track. Each column of data is represented by the corresponding CS2 product name, year, month, day, hour, regional flag (1:GS region,2:NS region,3:BS region), the start longitude and latitude of the marginal ice zone on each track, the end longitude and latitude of the marginal ice zone. Second,the gridded dataset is based on the along-track MIZ retrieval results, and it records the presence of the MIZ on the monthly basis. The latitude-longitude grid is adopted, with 2 degrees of longitude spacing and 1 degree of latitude spacing. Each file contains the following variables: the time, the MIZ flag, and the location flag. In this new version, we provide files in both NetCDF and GeoTIFF formats for users to download.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Global map of Local Climate Zones

A global 100 m spatial resolution Local Climate Zone (LCZ) map, derived from multiple earth observation datasets and expert LCZ class labels. The LCZ map is based on the LCZ typology (Stewart and Oke, 2012) that distinguish urban surfaces accounting for their typical combination of micro-scale land-covers and associated physical properties. The LCZ scheme is distinguished from other land use / land cover schemes by its focus on urban and rural landscape types, which can be described by any of the 17 classes in the LCZ scheme. Out of the 17 LCZ classes, 10 reflect the 'built' environment, and each LCZ type is associated with generic numerical descriptions of key urban canopy parameters critical to model atmospheric responses to urbanisation. In addition, since LCZs were originally designed as a new framework for urban heat island studies (Stewart and Oke, 2012), they also contain a limited set (7) of 'natural' land-cover classes that can be used as 'control' or 'natural reference' areas. As these seven natural classes in the LCZ scheme can not capture the heterogeneity of the world’s existing natural ecosystems, we advise users - if required - to combine the built LCZ classes with any other land-cover product that provides a wider range of natural land-cover classes. Stewart ID, Oke TR. (2012). Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 93(12):1879-1900. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Reply to comment on "High-resolution, multi-layer modelling of Singapore's urban climate incorporating local climate zones"

This data is for the publication submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Figure 1 in Amphibians of Agro-Climatic Zones of Maharashtra with Updated Checklist for the State

Figure 1. Map showing Agro-climatic zones in the state of Maharashtra with the details of species categorized against each zone (Details in Table 1).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

TreeGOER Köppen-Geiger Zone Distributions: Observations for 48,129 tree species across the 30 climate zones for 1931-1960, 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 climates

TreeGOER (Tree Globally Observed Environmental Ranges) is a database that documents the environmental ranges (minimum, maximum, median, mean and 5%, 25%, 75% and 95% quantiles) for 48,129 tree species and for 51 environmental variables, including 38 bioclimatic variables, 8 soil variables and 3 topographic variables. TreeGOER is available from the following Zenodo archives: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927</a> The TreeGOER ranges were calculated after cleaning occurrence records and standardizing species names with the <a href="https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aps3.11388">WorldFlora</a> R package to <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tax.12373">World Flora Online</a> or the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-021-00997-6">World Checklist of Vascular Plants</a> for a global GBIF occurrence download of 44,267,164 occurrences (GBIF.org 2021 GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.77gcvq">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.77gcvq</a>). The process of compilation of TreeGOER with 30 arc-seconds global grid layers, two examples of BIOCLIM applications that investigated the effects of climate change on global tree diversity patterns and R scripts to repeat these analyses have been described by Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology 29: 6303–6318. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914</a>. This Zenodo archive documents the occurrence of the same previously compiled and cleaned observations for the TreeGOER across global raster layers that document the 1931-1960, 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 Köppen-Geiger climate zones. These global raster layers were created for the following article: <ul> <li>Beck, H. E., T. R. McVicar, N. Vergopolan, A. Berg, N. J. Lutsko, A. Dufour, Z. Zeng, X. Jiang, A. I. J. M. van Dijk, and D. G. Miralles. High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections, Scientific Data 10, 724 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02549-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02549-6</a>. The Köppen-Geiger classifcation maps, associated confidence maps, and underpinning monthly near-surface air temperature and precipitation climatologies in netCDF format can all be downloaded <a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21789074.v1">here</a>.</li> </ul>   For each of the 48,129 tree species, the distribution is given for <ul> <li>Historical climates: number of observations in the 1931-1960, 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 Köppen-Geiger Zone climate zone</li> <li>Mixed climate: number of observations in the 1931-1960 Köppen-Geiger Zone climate zones if observations were before 1961, in the 1961-1990 Köppen-Geiger Zone climate zones if observations were between 1961 and 1990, and in the 1991-2020 Köppen-Geiger Zone climate zones if observations were after 1990</li> <li>Static climate: number of observations if those observations remained in the same Köppen-Geiger Zone climate zones</li> </ul>   The development of this data set archive supported by the Darwin Initiative to project DAREX001 of Developing a Global Biodiversity Standard certification for tree-planting and restoration, by Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative through the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Ethiopia to the Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolio project in Ethiopia, by the Green Climate Fund through the IUCN-led Transforming the Eastern Province of Rwanda through Adaptation and through the Readiness proposal on Climate Appropriate Portfolios of Tree Diversity for Burkina Faso projects, by the Bezos Earth Fund to the Quality Tree Seed for Africa in Kenya and Rwanda project and by the German International Climate Initiative (IKI) to the regional tree seed programme on The Right Tree for the Right Place for the Right Purpose in Africa.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Text-fig. 1. Modern vegetation proxies as delivered by the Drudge 1 and 2 tools for Parschlug. Left column results from KovarEder et al. (2021) based on the floristic spectrum published by Kovar-Eder et al. (2004). The other three columns result from three variants using the enlarged floristic spectrum herein. Differences between variants 1–3 from this study are caused by differences in assignment of some taxa and morphotypes (see Appendix 1). European vegetation formations: Formation C – Subarctic, boreal and nemoral-montane open woodlands as well as subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation; Formation D – Mesophytic and hygromesophytic coniferous and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests; Formation F – Mesophytic broadleaved deciduous and mixed broadleaved/conifer forests; Formation G – Thermophilous mixed deciduous broadleaved forests; Formation J – Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and scrub; Formation K – Xerophytic coniferous forests, coniferous woodland and scrub. East Asian vegetation types: MCF China, Japan – Montane Coniferous Forests China, Honshu, Yakushima; BLDF N and NE Provinces, China – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forests of the Northern and Northeastern Provinces (China); BLDF Upper Yangtze, Honshu – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest, Upper Yangtze Provinces, Mt. Emei, and Honshu; MMF China – Mixed Mesophytic Forest, Lower Yangtze Provinces; BLEF China, Japan – Broad-leaved Evergreen Forests, China, Japan; Meili Snow Mt. high altitude SCL and BLF, China – Meili Snow Mt., Sclerophyllous and broad-leaved forest zone (2,580-3,650 m alt.). (Designations of European vegetation formations follow Bohn et al. (2004) and Asian ones follow Kovar-Eder et al. (2021). in Floristic, Vegetation And Climate Assessment Of The Early/Middle Miocene Parschlug Flora Indicates A Distinctly Seasonal Climate

Text-fig. 1. Modern vegetation proxies as delivered by the Drudge 1 and 2 tools for Parschlug. Left column results from KovarEder et al. (2021) based on the floristic spectrum published by Kovar-Eder et al. (2004). The other three columns result from three variants using the enlarged floristic spectrum herein. Differences between variants 1–3 from this study are caused by differences in assignment of some taxa and morphotypes (see Appendix 1). European vegetation formations: Formation C – Subarctic, boreal and nemoral-montane open woodlands as well as subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation; Formation D – Mesophytic and hygromesophytic coniferous and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests; Formation F – Mesophytic broadleaved deciduous and mixed broadleaved/conifer forests; Formation G – Thermophilous mixed deciduous broadleaved forests; Formation J – Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and scrub; Formation K – Xerophytic coniferous forests, coniferous woodland and scrub. East Asian vegetation types: MCF China, Japan – Montane Coniferous Forests China, Honshu, Yakushima; BLDF N and NE Provinces, China – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forests of the Northern and Northeastern Provinces (China); BLDF Upper Yangtze, Honshu – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest, Upper Yangtze Provinces, Mt. Emei, and Honshu; MMF China – Mixed Mesophytic Forest, Lower Yangtze Provinces; BLEF China, Japan – Broad-leaved Evergreen Forests, China, Japan; Meili Snow Mt. high altitude SCL and BLF, China – Meili Snow Mt., Sclerophyllous and broad-leaved forest zone (2,580-3,650 m alt.). (Designations of European vegetation formations follow Bohn et al. (2004) and Asian ones follow Kovar-Eder et al. (2021).

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Limited movement of an avian hybrid zone in relation to regional variation in magnitude of climate change

Studies of natural hybrid zones can provide documentation of range shifts in response to climate change and identify loci important to reproductive isolation. Using a temporal (36–38 years) comparison of the black-capped (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina (P. carolinensis) chickadee hybrid zone, we investigated movement of the western portion of the zone (western Missouri) and assessed whether loci and pathways underpinning reproductive isolation were similar to those in the eastern portion of the hybrid zone. Using 92 birds sampled along the hybrid zone transect in 2016 and 68 birds sampled between 1978 and 1980, we generated 11,669 SNPs via ddRADseq. These SNPs were used to assess movement of the hybrid zone through time and to evaluate variation in introgression among loci. We demonstrate that the interface has moved ~5 km to the northwest over the last 36–38 years, i.e., at only one-fifth the rate at which the eastern portion (e.g., Pennsylvania, Ohio) of the hybrid zone has moved. Temperature trends over the last 38 years reveal that eastern areas have warmed 50% more than western areas in terms of annual mean temperature, possibly providing an explanation for the slower movement of the hybrid zone in Missouri. Our results suggest hybrid zone movement in broadly distributed species, such as chickadees, will vary between areas in response to local differences in the impacts of climate change.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

TreeGOER Global Zones: Global atlas for the Climatic Moisture Index (CMI), Maximum Climatological Water Deficit (MCWD) and the number of months with average temperature > 10 degrees C (Tmo10)

The TreeGOER (Tree Globally Observed Environmental Ranges) database documents the environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species and is available from files archived at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927</a>. Details on the preparation of this database from 30 arc-second global grid layers are provided by Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–16. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914</a>. The atlas from this archive was designed to be used together with TreeGOER and possibly also with the <a href="https://worldagroforestry.org/output/globalusefulnativetrees">GlobalUsefulNativeTrees</a> database (Kindt et al. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-39552-1">2023</a>) to allow users to filter suitable tree species based on environmental conditions of the planting site. TreeGOER includes a file (TreeGOER_Tmo10_classes.txt) that documents the distribution of species in zones defined by the number of months with average temperature > 10 degrees C. TreeGOER also includes a file (TreeGOER_CMI_classes.txt) that documents the distribution of species in zones defined by the Climatic Moisture Index (CMI). The atlas provided here shows the global distribution of the Tmo10 zones and CMI zones at high resolution on six sheets each, including three sheets in the northern hemisphere and three sheets in the southern hemisphere. The atlas also includes six sheets that show the global distribution of the Maximum Climatological Water Deficit (MCWD), another environmental variable covered by the TreeGOER database.   <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Zone</td> <td>Classes</td> <td>Comment</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tmo10</td> <td> Tmo10 = 12 + Bio06 >= 18</td> <td>tropical (minimum temperature of coldest month 18 degrees C or higher)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Tmo10 = 12 + Bio06< 18</td> <td>tropical (minimum temperature of coldest month less than 18 degrees C)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>8 ≤ Tmo10 < 12</td> <td>subtropical</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>4 ≤ Tmo10 < 8</td> <td>temperate</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1 ≤ Tmo10 < 4</td> <td>boreal</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Tmo10 < 1</td> <td>polar</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CMI</td> <td>CMI ≥ 0.5</td> <td>P >= 2 * PET</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>0 ≤ CMI < 0.5</td> <td>PET <= P < 2 * PET</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−0.35 ≤ CMI < 0</td> <td>0.65 <= P/PET < 1</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−0.5 ≤ CMI < −0.35</td> <td>dry sub-humid</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−0.8 ≤ CMI < −0.5</td> <td>semi-arid</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−0.95 ≤ CMI < −0.8</td> <td>arid</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>CMI < −0.95</td> <td> hyper-arid</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MCWD</td> <td>MCWD ≤ -100</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−200 ≤ MCWD < −100</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−400 ≤ MCWD < −200</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−600 ≤ MCWD < −400   </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−800 ≤ MCWD < −600</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−1000 ≤ MCWD < −800</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−1250 ≤ MCWD < −1000</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−1500 ≤ MCWD < −1250</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−1750 ≤ MCWD < −1500  </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−2000 ≤ MCWD < −1750 </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−2500 ≤ MCWD < −2000 </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   A fourth map series in the atlas combines information from the Climatic Moisture Index with the distribution of 52,602 cities that were included in the CitiesGOER database, available from <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8175429">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8175429</a><a name="_Hlk141002106"></a> Maps were created from the environmental raster layers used to create the TreeGOER via the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/terra/">terra package</a> (Hijmans et al. 2022, version 1.7-46) in the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/">R 4.2.1 environment</a>. Added country boundaries were obtained from <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/">Natural Earth</a> as <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http/www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/cultural/ne_10m_admin_0_countries.zip">Admin 0 – countries vector layers</a> (version 5.1.1). Also added after obtaining them from Natural Earth were <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http/www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/cultural/ne_10m_admin_0_boundary_lines_disputed_areas.zip">Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed areas</a> (version 5.1.0, coloured yellow in the atlas), <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http/www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/cultural/ne_10m_roads.zip">Roads</a> (version 5.0.0, coloured red in the atlas) and <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http/www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/physical/ne_10m_lakes.zip">Lakes</a> (version 5.0.0, coloured darkblue in the atlas). For countries where the GlobalUsefulNativeTrees database included subnational levels, boundaries were added and depicted as dot-dash lines. These subnational levels correspond to level 3 boundaries in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions. These were obtained from <a href="https://github.com/tdwg/wgsrpd">https://github.com/tdwg/wgsrpd</a>. Check <a href="https://github.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/blob/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf">Brummit 2001</a> for details such as the maps shown at the end of this document. When using the TreeGOER Global Zones atlas in your work, cite this depository and the following: <ul> <li>Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: New 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), 4302–4315. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086">https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086</a></li> <li>Title, P. O., & Bemmels, J. B. (2018). ENVIREM: An expanded set of bioclimatic and topographic variables increases flexibility and improves performance of ecological niche modeling. Ecography, 41(2), 291–307. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02880">https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02880</a></li> <li>Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–16. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914</a>.</li> </ul>   The development of the TreeGOER Global Zones atlas (including development of version 2024.06) was supported by the Darwin Initiative to project DAREX001 of Developing a Global Biodiversity Standard certification for tree-planting and restoration, by Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative through the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Ethiopia to the Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolio project in Ethiopia, by the Green Climate Fund through the IUCN-led Transforming the Eastern Province of Rwanda through Adaptation project and through the Readiness proposal on Climate Appropriate Portfolios of Tree Diversity for Burkina Faso, by the Bezos Earth Fund to the Bezos Quality Tree Seed for Africa in Kenya and Rwanda project and by the German International Climate Initiative (IKI) to the regional tree seed programme on The Right Tree for the Right Place for the Right Purpose in Africa.

Fig. 3 in Effect of urbanization on zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in endemic toque macaque (Macaca sinica) from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka

Fig. 3. GI parasite genera types identified from fecal samples of toque macaques. I. Protozoan types: (A) Balantidium cyst, (B) Balantidium trophozoite, (C) Endolimax cyst, (D) Entamoeba cyst, (E) Isospora cyst. (F) Unidentified protozoan cyst; II. Cestode types: (G) Bertiella ova, (H) Diphyllobothrium ova, (I) Hymenolepis ova; III. Trematode types: (J–K) Unidentified trematode ova; IV. Acanthocephalan type: (L) Moniliformis ova; V. Nematode types: (M) Oesophagostomum ova, (N) Strongyloides ova, (O) Ascaris ova, (P) Trichuris ova, (Q) Strongyle/ Hookworm ova, (R) Enterobius ova, (S)Trichostrongylus ova, (T) Unidentified nematode ova.

Fig. 2 in Effect of urbanization on zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in endemic toque macaque (Macaca sinica) from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka

Fig. 2. Map of Sri Lanka with sampling localities in the dry and the wet zones and the montane region.

Fig. 4 in Effect of urbanization on zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in endemic toque macaque (Macaca sinica) from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka

Fig. 4. Number of parasite genera types (species richness) infecting M. s. aurifrons, M. s. sinica and M. s. opisthomelas in urban, suburban, and wild habitats.

Fig. 1 in Effect of urbanization on zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in endemic toque macaque (Macaca sinica) from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka

Fig. 1. The three subspecies of macaque's endemic to Sri Lanka. (A) Common macaque (Macaca sinica sinica), (B) dusky or pale-fronted macaque (M. s. aurifrons), and (C) hill-zone macaque (M. s. opisthomelas) (image courtesy: Madura De Silva).