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206 results for “clines”
Roger Cline (c0999)
<b>-- <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11582199">Documentation</a> --</b><br><br><u>Name</u>: Roger Cline<br><u>musiXplora-ID</u>: c0999<br><u>musiXplora-URI</u>: <a href="https://musixplora.de/mxp/c0999">https://musixplora.de/mxp/c0999</a><br><u>Gender</u>: m<br><u>Date of Birth</u>: 1946<br><u>Place of Birth</u>: Washington<br><u>First Mentioned</u>: 1973<br><u>Last Mentioned</u>: 2018<br><u>Sectors</u>: Alte Musik, Instrumentenbau, Konzert, Militär, Orchester<br><u>Professions (Musical)</u>: Gambist, Kontrabassist, Schlagzeughersteller<br><u>Main Place of Activity</u>: Chicago<br><u>Other Places of Activity</u>: Ann Arbor/MI, West Point/NY<br><br><br><u>Institutionen:</u><br><table><tbody><tr><th>Role</th><th>Title</th><th>mXp-ID</th></tr><tr><td>Related</td><td>Chicago Symphony Orchestra</td><td><a href="https://musixplora.de/mxp/3020139">3020139</a></td></tr><tr><td>Related</td><td>Universität Michigan</td><td><a href="https://musixplora.de/mxp/3080200">3080200</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br><br><u>Changelog</u>:<br> - v0.0.1: Initial Upload.<br>
Data for: Predictable local adaptation in butterfly photoperiodism but not thermal performance along a latitudinal cline
<p>In seasonal environments, organisms must synchronize their life cycles to conditions favorable for growth and reproduction. Because season length varies geographically, local adaptation should arise in traits that regulate phenological responses. Geographic photoperiodism clines are well-known, but comparable studies on thermal performance are equivocal and often overlook non-linear responses. Therefore, we examined local adaptation in plastic responses to both photoperiod and temperature along a 752 km latitudinal cline, by comparing four Swedish populations of the butterfly <em>Pieris napi</em>. Using a common garden design, we estimated (1) photoperiod response curves for diapause induction and (2) thermal performance curves for development and growth rates. We show that differences in photoperiodism follow the expected geographical pattern, where diapause is induced at longer daylengths in northern populations (where growth seasons are short and summer days long). However, population differences in thermal performance curves were small and seemingly idiosyncratic, without clear clinal patterns. Photoperiodic responses appear to evolve more readily than thermal responses, highlighting photoperiodism as a key driver of local life cycle synchronization.</p>
Data from: Selection on early survival does not explain germination rate clines in Mimulus cardinalis
<p><strong>Premise</strong> Many traits covary with environmental gradients to form phenotypic clines. While local adaptation to the environment can generate phenotypic clines, other nonadaptive processes may also. If local adaptation causes phenotypic clines, then the direction of genotypic selection on traits should shift from one end of the cline to the other. Traditionally genotypic selection on non-Gaussian traits like germination rate have been hampered because it is challenging to measure their genetic variance.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong> Here we used quantitative genetics and reciprocal transplants to test whether a previously discovered cline in germination rate showed additional signatures of adaptation in the scarlet monkeyflower (<em>Mimulus cardinalis</em>). We measured genotypic and population level covariation between germination rate and early survival, a component of fitness. We developed a novel discrete log-normal model to estimate genetic variance in germination rate.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong> Contrary to our adaptive hypothesis, we found no evidence that genetic variation in germination rate contributed to variation in early survival. Across populations, southern populations in both gardens germinated earlier and survived more. </p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong> Southern populations have higher early survival but this is not caused by faster germination. This pattern is consistent with nonadaptive forces driving the phenotypic cline in germination rate, but future work will need to assess whether there is selection at other life stages. This statistical framework should help expand quantitative genetic analyses for other waiting-time traits.</p>
metadata for d. mel microbiome along a latitudinal cline
<p>metadata for "Drosophila melanogaster microbiome is shaped by strict filtering and neutrality along a latitudinal cline"</p>
Latitudinal cline for hypoxia but not low pH in Tigriopus californicus
<p>Intertidal organisms must tolerate daily fluctuations in environmental parameters, and repeated exposure to co-occurring conditions may result in tolerance to multiple stressors correlating. The intertidal copepod <em>Tigriopus californicus</em> experiences diurnal variation in dissolved oxygen levels and pH as the opposing processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration lead to coordinated highs during the day and lows at night. While environmental parameters with overlapping spatial gradients frequently result in correlated traits, less attention has been given to exploring temporally correlated stressors. We investigated whether hypoxia tolerance correlates with low pH tolerance by separately testing the hypoxia and low pH stress tolerance separately of 6 genetically differentiated populations of <em>T. californicus</em>. We independently checked for similarities in tolerance for each of the two stressors by latitude, sex, size, and time since collection as predictors. We found that although hypoxia tolerance correlated with latitude, low pH tolerance did not, and no predictor was significant for both stressors. We concluded that temporally coordinated exposure to low pH and low oxygen did not result in populations developing equivalent tolerance for both. Although climate change alters several environmental variables simultaneously, organisms' abilities to tolerate these changes may not be similarly coupled. </p>
Within and between population comparisons suggest independently acting selection maintaining parallel clines in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
<p>Parallel clines in traits related to adaptation in a species can be due to independent selection on a pair of traits, or due to selection in one trait resulting in a parallel cline in a correlated trait. To distinguish between the mechanisms giving rise to parallel adaptive population divergence of multiple traits along an environmental gradient we need to study variation, correlations, and selective forces within individual populations along the gradient. In many tree species, budset timing forms a latitudinal cline, and parallel clinal variation is also found in other seedling traits, such as first year height and fall frost injury. In this study, we set up a common garden experiment with open pollinated progeny from natural populations of Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>), with one large sample from single population (500 families) and smaller samples from across a latitudinal gradient. Budset timing, first year height and induced fall frost injury were first measured in a greenhouse. The seedlings were then planted in the field, where survival and height were measured at the age of nine years as fitness proxies. We compared between and within population variation and genetic correlations of these three seedling traits, and estimated selection gradients at the family level in our main population, taking into account the potential effects of seed weight. Between population genetic correlations between seedling traits were high (0.76-0.95). Within population genetic correlations in the main population were lower (0.14-0.35), as in other populations (0.10-0.39). Within population, extensive adaptive variation persists in the seedling traits, in line with rather weak selection gradients, yet maintaining the clines. Although our sampling does not cover the whole cline equally, the results suggest that the individual clines in these traits are maintained by largely independently acting selection, which results in fewer constraints in adaptation under changing climate.</p>
Data from: Selection on early survival does not explain germination rate clines in Mimulus cardinalis
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Latitudinal cline for hypoxia but not low pH in Tigriopus californicus
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Data and reproducible analysis files from: Latitudinal clines in floral display associated with adaptive evolution during a biological invasion
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Data from: Environmental and geographic conditions on the breeding grounds drive Bergmannian clines in nightjars
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Latitudinal cline of ocean dependence in a diadromous fish
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Within and between population comparisons suggest independently acting selection maintaining parallel clines in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
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Data for: Predictable local adaptation in butterfly photoperiodism but not thermal performance along a latitudinal cline
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Data from: Does local adaptation along a latitudinal cline shape plastic responses to combined thermal and nutritional stress?
<p>Thermal and nutritional stress are commonly experienced by animals. This will become increasingly so with climate change. Whether populations can plastically respond to such changes will determine their survival. Plasticity can vary among populations depending on the extent of environmental heterogeneity. However, theory conflicts as to whether environmental heterogeneity should increase or decrease plasticity. Using three locally-adapted populations of Drosophila melanogaster sampled from a latitudinal gradient, we investigated whether plastic responses to combinations of nutrition and temperature increase or decrease with latitude for four traits: egg-adult viability, egg-adult development time, and two body size traits. Employing nutritional geometry, we reared larvae on 25 diets varying in protein and carbohydrate content at two temperatures: 18ºC and 25ºC. Plasticity varied among traits and across the three populations. Viability was highly canalized in all three populations. The tropical population showed the least plasticity for development time, the sub-tropical showed the highest plasticity for wing area, and the temperate population showed the highest plasticity for femur length. We found no evidence of latitudinal plasticity gradients in either direction. Our data highlight that differences in thermal variation and resource predictability experienced by populations along a latitudinal cline are not sufficient to predict their plasticity. </p>
Limited divergent adaptation despite a substantial environmental cline in wild pea
<p><span><span>Isolation by environment (IBE) is a wide spread phenomenon in nature. It is commonly expected that the degree of differences among environments is proportional to the level of divergence between populations in these environments. Consequentially, it is assumed that species' genetic diversity displays pattern of IBE in the presence of a strong environmental cline if geneflow does not mitigate isolation. We tested this common assumption by analyzing the genetic diversity and demographic history of <i>Pisum fulvum. P. fulvum </i>inhabits very contrasting habitats in the southern Levant and is expected to display only minor migration rates between populations what makes it an ideal test case. Ecogeographic and subpopulation structure was analyzed and compared. Correlation of genetic with environmental distances was calculated to test the effect of IBD and IBE and detect the main drivers of these effects. Historic effective population size was estimated using stairwayplots. Limited overlap of ecogeographic and genetic clustering was observed, and correlation of genetic with environmental distances was statistically significant yet small. We detected a sharp decline of effective population size during the last glacial period. The low degree of IBE <span>may be</span> the result of genetic drift due to the past bottleneck. Our findings contradict the expectation that strong environmental clines cause IBE in the absence of extensive geneflow.</span></span></p>
Data from: Manipulation of cytosine methylation does not remove latitudinal clines in two invasive goldenrod species in Central Europe
<p><em><span>Invasive species frequently differentiate phenotypically in novel environments within a few generations, often even with limited genetic variation. For the invasive plants <i>Solidago canadensis </i>and <i>S. gigantea</i>,<i> </i>we tested whether such differentiation might have happened through heritable epigenetic changes in cytosine methylation. In a two-year common-garden experiment, we grew plants from seeds collected along a latitudinal gradient in their non-native Central European range to test for trait differentiation and whether differentiation disappeared when seeds were treated with the demethylation agent zebularine. Microsatellite markers revealed no population structure along the latitudinal gradient in </span></em><em><i><span>S. canadensis</span></i></em><em><span>, but three genetic clusters in </span></em><em><i><span>S. gigantea</span></i></em><em><span>. </span></em><em><i><span>Solidago canadensis</span></i></em><em><span> showed latitudinal clines in flowering phenology and growth. In </span></em><em><i><span>S. gigantea</span></i></em><em><span>, the number of clonal offspring decreased with latitude. Although zebularine had a significant effect on early growth, likely through effects on cytosine methylation, latitudinal clines remained (or even got stronger) in plants raised from seeds treated with zebularine. Thus, our experiment provides no evidence that epigenetic mechanisms by selective cytosine methylation contribute to the observed phenotypic differentiation in invasive goldenrods in Central Europe.</span></em></p>
Data from: A resource on latitudinal and altitudinal clines of ecologically relevant phenotypes of the Indian Drosophila
The unique geography of the Indian subcontinent has provided diverse natural environments for a variety of organisms. In this region, many ecological indices such as temperature and humidity vary predictably as a function of both latitude and altitude; these environmental parameters significantly affect fundamental dynamics of natural populations. Indian drosophilids are diverse in their geographic distribution and climate tolerance, possibly as a result of climatic adaptation. These associations with environmental parameters are further reflected in a large number of clines that have been reported for various fitness traits along these geographical ranges. This unique amalgamation of environmental variability and genetic diversity make the subcontinent an ecological laboratory for studying evolution in action. We assembled data collected over the last 20 years on the geographical clines for various phenotypic traits in several species of drosophilids and present a web-resource on Indian-Drosophila ( http://www.indian-drosophila.org/). The clinal data on ecologically relevant phenotypes of Indian drosophilids will be useful in addressing questions related to future challenges in biodiversity and ecosystems in this region.
Predicting the strength of urban-rural clines in a Mendelian polymorphism along a latitudinal gradient
Cities are emerging as models for addressing the fundamental question of whether populations evolve in parallel to similar environments. Here, we examine the environmental factors that drive the evolution of parallel urban-rural clines in a Mendelian trait—the cyanogenic antiherbivore defense of white clover (Trifolium repens). Previous work suggested urban-rural gradients in frost and snow depth could drive the evolution of reduced hydrogen cyanide (HCN) frequencies in urban populations. Here, we sampled over 700 urban and rural clover populations across 16 cities along a latitudinal transect in eastern North America. In each population, we quantified changes in the frequency of genotypes that produce HCN, and in a subset of the cities we estimated the frequency of the alleles at the two genes (CYP79D15 and Li) that epistatically interact to produce HCN. We then tested the hypothesis that cold climatic conditions are necessary for the evolution of cyanogenesis clines by comparing the strength of clines among cities located along a gradient of winter temperatures and frost exposure. Overall, half of the cities exhibited urban-rural clines in the frequency of HCN, whereby urban populations evolved lower HCN frequencies. Clines did not evolve in cities with the lowest temperatures and greatest snowfall, supporting the hypothesis that snow buffers plants against winter frost and constrains the formation of clines. By contrast, the strongest clines occurred in the warmest cities where snow and frost are rare, suggesting that alternative selective agents are maintaining clines in warmer cities. Some clines were driven by evolution at only CYP79D15, consistent with stronger and more consistent selection on this locus than on Li. Together, our results demonstrate that urban environments often select for similar phenotypes, but different selective agents and targets underlie the evolutionary response in different cities.
Data from: Latitudinal clines in the timing and temperature-sensitivity of photoperiodic reproductive diapause in Drosophila montana
<p>Reproductive diapause is a primary mechanism used by arthropods to synchronize their life cycle with seasonal changes in temperate regions. Our study species, Drosophila montana, represents the northern insect species where flies enter reproductive diapause under short day conditions and where the precise timing of diapause is crucial for both survival and offspring production. We have studied clinal variation in the critical day length for female diapause induction (CDL) and their overall susceptibility to enter diapause (diapause incidence), as well as the temperature sensitivity of these traits. The study was performed using multiple strains from four latitudinal clines of the species – short clines in Finland and Alaska and long clines in the Rocky Mountains and the western coast of North America - and from one population in Kamchatka, Russia. CDL showed strong latitudinal clines on both continents, decreasing by one hour per five degrees decline in latitude, on average. CDL also decreased in all populations along with an increase in fly rearing temperature postponing the diapause to later calendar time, the effects of temperature being stronger in southern than in northern population. Female diapause incidence was close to 100 % under short day / low temperature conditions in all populations, but decreased below 50 % even under short days in 19°C in the southern North American western coast populations and in 22°C in most populations. Comparing a diversity of climatic data for the studied populations showed that while CDL is under a tight photoperiodic regulation linked with latitude, its length depends also on climatic factors determining the growing season length. Overall, the study deepens our understanding of how spatial and environmental parameters affect the seasonal timing of an important biological event, reproductive diapause, and helps to estimate the evolutionary potential of insect populations to survive in changing climatic conditions.</p>
Latitudinal cline in the foraging dichotomy of loggerhead sea turtles reveals the importance of East China Sea for priority conservation
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Quantifying the importance of habitat areas for conservation of highly migratory marine species with complex life histories can be challenging. For example, loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) nesting in Japan forage both oceanically and neritically after their reproductive period. Here, we aimed to quantify the proportions of turtles using these two contrasting habitats (foraging dichotomy) to suggest priority conservation areas.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We examined the occurrence of foraging dichotomy at three nesting sites (Ishigaki, Okinoerabu Islands, and Ichinomiya) based on stable isotope analysis of the egg yolks for 82 turtles and satellite tracking of post-nesting migration for 12 turtles. Moreover, we used the data of three other sites from previous studies (Yakushima Island, Minabe, and Omaezaki).</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Two neritic foraging grounds (East China Sea and the coastal area of the Japanese archipelago), and an oceanic ground (North Pacific Ocean) were identified. We found a latitudinal cline with respect to the occurrence of foraging dichotomy; >84% of the females nesting at southern sites (Ishigaki and Okinoerabu Islands), 73% at middle sites (Yakushima Island and Minabe), and <46% at northern sites (Omaezaki and Ichinomiya) were neritic foragers; the proportion of oceanic foragers increased at northern sites. Based on the annual number of nests in the entire nesting region of Japan, satellite tracking, and the latitudinal cline of foraging dichotomy, we estimated that 70% and 9% of annual nesting females in Japan utilise the neritic foraging habitat in the East China Sea and the coastal area of the Japanese archipelago, respectively and that and 22% utilise the oceanic habitat of the North Pacific Ocean.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> The East China Sea represents a critical foraging habitat for the North Pacific populations of endangered loggerhead sea turtles. Our findings emphasise the need for international management to ensure their protection.</p>
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