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10 results for “coastal infrastructure”
Pan‐Arctic Coastal Settlements and Infrastructure Vulnerable to Coastal Erosion, Sea‐Level Rise, and Permafrost Thaw
<p>The datasets are issued from the combination of records of the ESA EO4PAC and Permafrost_cci and HORIZON 2020 Nunataryuk projects. The EO4PAC project aimed to develop a new generation of geospatial products for the observation of permafrost and associated changes from space with a special focus on the coastal Arctic. Four components were considered in the creation of the datasets:</p> <p>(1) Landsat-7/8 for the detection of coastline changes over the 2000-2020 period (Tanguy et al., 2024).</p> <p>(2) Sentinel-1/2 for the detection and mapping of coastal infrastructures (Bartsch et al. 2024), updating Wang et al. (2021).</p> <p>(3) Permafrost_cci timeseries for retrieval of trends of ground temperature and active layer thickness for the 2000-2020 period (Obu et al. 2021a,b), evaluated based on Martin et al (2023) and CALM et al. (2024).</p> <p>(4) Sea level rise by 2100 (Garner et al. 2022).</p> <p>The respective output provides a consistent mapping of settlements along arctic and permafrost-dominated coasts (2), and associated coastline and permafrost conditions changes during the last 20 years (1, 3). Combined together, an assessment of Arctic infrastructures at risk due to permafrost change (GT, ALT) and coastline erosion was possible, the latter with projections for the years 2030, 2050 and 2100.<a name="_heading=h.jkogrw14ymt"></a></p> <p>References</p> <p>Bartsch, Annett, Pointner, Georg, & Nitze, Ingmar. (2023). Sentinel-1/2 derived Arctic Coastal Human Impact dataset (SACHI) (Version 2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://zenodo.org/records/10160636.</p> <p>CALM, GTN-P, Wieczorek, M., Heim, B., Streletskiy, D., Bartsch, A., 2024, GTN-P CALM: 34 years of Active Layer Thickness (ALT) across latitudinal and elevational gradients in the Northern Hemisphere [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.972777</p> <p>Garner, G. G., Hermans, T., Kopp, R. E., Slangen, A. B. A., Edwards, T. L., Levermann, A., et al. (2022). IPCC AR6 sea level projections [Dataset]. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6382554">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6382554</a></p> <p>Martin, Julia; Boike, Julia; Chadburn, Sarah; Zwieback, Simon; Anselm, Norbert; Goldau, Maybrit; Hammar, Jennika; Abramova, Ekatarina N; Lisovski, Simeon; Coulombe, Stéphanie; Dakin, Brampton; Wilcox, Evan James; Giamberini, Mariasilvia; Rader, Fieke; Suominen, Otso; Rudd, Daniel Alexander; Mastepanov, Mikhail; Young, Amanda (2023): T-MOSAiC 2021 myThaw data set [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.956039, In: Boike, Julia; Hammar, Jennika; Goldau, Maybrit; Miesner, Frederieke; Anselm, Norbert (2024): Circumarctic seasonal measurements of permafrost parameters (thaw depth, snow depth, vegetation and tree height, water level and soil properties) [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.971787</p> <p>Obu, J., Westermann, S., Barboux, C., Bartsch, A., Delaloye, R., Grosse, G., Heim, B., Hugelius, G., Irrgang, A., Kääb, A. M., Kroisleitner, C., Matthes, H., Nitze, I., Pellet, C., Seifert, F. M., Strozzi, T., Wegmüller, U., Wieczorek, M., and Wiesmann, A.: ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (Permafrost_cci): Permafrost active layer thickness for the Northern Hemisphere, v3.0, CEDA, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5285/29C4AF5986BA4B9C8A3CFC33CA8D7C85">https://doi.org/10.5285/29C4AF5986BA4B9C8A3CFC33CA8D7C85</a></p> <p>Obu, J., Westermann, S., Barboux, C., Bartsch, A., Delaloye, R., Grosse, G., Heim, B., Hugelius, G., Irrgang, A., Kääb, A. M., Kroisleitner, C., Matthes, H., Nitze, I., Pellet, C., Seifert, F. M., Strozzi, T., Wegmüller, U., Wieczorek, M., and Wiesmann, A.: ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (Permafrost_cci): Permafrost active layer thickness for the Northern Hemisphere, v3.0, CEDA, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5285/29C4AF5986BA4B9C8A3CFC33CA8D7C85">https://doi.org/10.5285/29C4AF5986BA4B9C8A3CFC33CA8D7C85</a></p> <p>Tanguy, R., Bartsch, A., Nitze, I., Irrgang, A., Petzold, P., Widhalm, B., von Baeckmann, C., Boike, J., Martin, J., Efimova, A., Vieira, G., Whalen, D., Heim, B., Wieszorek, M., Grosse, G.: Pan‐Arctic Assessment of Coastal Settlements and Infrastructure Vulnerable to Coastal Erosion, Sea‐Level Rise, and Permafrost Thaw, Earth’s Future, 10.1029/2024EF005013.</p> <p>Wang, S., Ramage, J., Bartsch, A., & Efimova, A. (2021). Population in the Arctic Circumpolar Permafrost Region at settlement level (Version 2) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4529610" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4529610</a></p>
The commitment to global sea level rise over the next 500 years: exploring the threat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to coastal infrastructure
<p>Within Australia alone, more than A$226 billion of coastal infrastructure is vulnerable to the anticipated rise in sea level by the end of the century. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report concludes that the likely increase in global mean sea level during the 21st century ranges from 26-55 centimetres (under the low-end RCP2.6 climate scenario) to 45-82 centimetres (under the high-end RCP8.5 climate scenario). However, these projections do not take into account the potential for collapse of the marine-based sectors of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.</p> <p>Recent evidence has indicated that the IPCC projections may be under-estimates, with sea level increases of up to 2.5 metres possible by the end of the 21st century. Modelling studies have also demonstrated the potential for the Antarctic Ice Sheet to undergo irreversible collapse during the coming centuries, leading to dramatic increases in global sea level on time scales relevant to critical coastal infrastructure such as refineries and airports. The most extreme prediction is that Antarctica could contribute 15.65±2.00 metres to global sea level by the year 2500.</p> <p>Here, we combine climate modelling and ice sheet modelling to explore the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet over the next 500 years under a range of climate scenarios. We run the models many times to take into account gaps in our understanding of ice sheet dynamics. This allows us to generate robust projections of the Antarctic contribution to global sea level from the present to the year 2500, complete with quantified confidence intervals. We conclude that the sea level contribution during the 21st century will be modest, consistent with the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, but that melting of the Antarctic Ice Sheet will accelerate thereafter. By the year 2500, we predict that the Antarctic contribution to global sea level will be at least 5 metres.</p>
Differential equity in access to public and private coastal infrastructure in the Southeastern United States
<p>Despite the ubiquity of coastal infrastructure, it is unclear what factors drive its placement, particularly for water access infrastructure (WAI) that facilitates entry to coastal ecosystems such as docks, piers, and boat landings. The placement of WAI has both ecological and social dimensions, and certain segments of coastal populations may have differential access to water. In this study, we employed an environmental justice framework to assess how public and private WAI in South Carolina, USA is distributed with respect to race and income. Using publicly available data from state agencies and the US Census Bureau, we mapped the distribution of these structures across the 301 km of the South Carolina coast. Using spatially explicit analyses with high resolution, we found that census block groups with lower income contain more public WAI, but racial composition has no effect. On the other hand, private docks showed the opposite trends, as the abundance of docks is significantly, positively correlated with census block groups that have greater percentages of White residents, while income has no effect. Under a "need-based" model of equity, we argue that WAI are not equitably distributed in South Carolina and constitute an environmental justice issue. We contend that the racially unequal distribution of docks is likely a consequence of the legacy of Black land loss, especially of waterfront property, throughout the coastal Southeast over the past half-century. Knowledge of racially inequitable distribution of WAI can guide public policy to rectify this imbalance and support advocacy organizations working to promote public water access. Our work also points to the importance of considering race in ecological research, as the spatial distribution of coastal infrastructure both directly affects ecosystems through the structures themselves and regulates which groups access water and what activities they can engage in at those sites.</p>
Differential equity in access to public and private coastal infrastructure in the Southeastern United States
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Exponential growth of private coastal infrastructure influenced by geography and race in South Carolina, USA
<p>Homeowners in coastal environments often augment their access to estuarine ecosystems by building private docks on their personal property. Despite the commonality of docks, particularly in the Southeastern United States, few works have investigated their historical development, their distribution across the landscape, or the environmental justice dimensions of this distribution. In this study, we used historic aerial photography to track the abundance and size of docks across six South Carolina counties from the 1950s to 2016. Across our roughly 60-year study period, dock abundance grew by two orders of magnitude, the mean length of newly constructed docks doubled, and the cumulative length of docks ballooned from 34 to 560 km. Additionally, we drew on census data interpolated into consistent 2010 tract boundaries to analyze the racial and economic distribution of docks in 1994, 1999, 2011, and 2016. Racial composition, measured as the percentage of a tract's population that was White, positively correlated with dock abundance in each year. Median household income and dock abundance were only correlated in 2011. Taken together, these metrics indicate the growing desire for direct estuary access, however, that access does not appear to be equally spread across racial groups. Because docks enhance estuarine access and demarcate private property, our study provides longitudinal insights into environmental justice concerns related to disparate private property ownership. We found a persistent correlation between the racial characteristics of an area and dock abundance, strongly indicating that White South Carolinians have had disproportionately greater private water access for the past two decades.</p>
Exponential growth of private coastal infrastructure influenced by geography and race in South Carolina, USA
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Data from: Upgrades of coastal protection infrastructure affect benthic communities
<ol> <li>Sea level rise, storm surges, aging and wear are forcing upgrades to breakwaters and seawalls to protect coastal areas from erosion and inundation. Such upgrades involve the introduction of new material which may consequently act as an ecological disturbance that can alter established marine communities and ecosystem function. Mitigating ecological impacts requires an understanding of how species assemblages are affected by such works.</li> <li>Here, we use the major upgrade of a regularly wave-overtopped breakwater as a case study to evaluate the impacts of upgrades to hard coastal protection structure on benthic rocky reef communities. An asymmetrical Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) experimental design was used to test interactive effects of the infrastructure upgrades on benthic communities.</li> <li>While benthic assemblages were not significantly different from controls prior to the upgrade, improving the defensive capacity of the breakwater significantly changed community structure. Notably, most taxonomic groups showed higher cover at the control sites than at the impacted site post-upgrade, with articulated calcareous algae (e.g. <i>Corallina officinalis</i> and <i>Amphiroa anceps</i>) showing an opposite trend.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications</i>: Ecological implications and structural limitations make regular upgrading of existing infrastructure unsuitable as a long-term management strategy. More sustainable alternatives need to be considered, such as decommissioning of structures and retreat from flood-prone areas. This transition, however, will take time and requires a change of mindset and policies. Where upgrades are urgent, eco-engineering techniques can mitigate impacts to habitats and associated taxa.</li> </ol>
Coastal infrastructure alters behavior and increases predation mortality of threatened Puget Sound steelhead smolts
<p>Fundamental movements of migratory species can be substantially influenced by marine habitat disruptions caused by coastal infrastructure. The Hood Canal Bridge (HCB) spans the northern outlet of Hood Canal in the Salish Sea, extends 4.6 meters (15 ft) underwater, and forms a partial barrier for steelhead migrating from Hood Canal to the Pacific Ocean. Spatial mark-recapture survival models using acoustic telemetry data indicate that only 49% (2017; 95% CI = 40, 58%) and 56% (2018; 95% CI = 48, 65%) of the steelhead smolts encountering the HCB survived past the bridge and 7 km to the next array. We studied fine-scale movements of more than 300 steelhead smolts to understand how migration behavior was affected across the entire length of the HCB and to quantify spatial and temporal patterns of mortality. Individually coded acoustic telemetry transmitters implanted in juvenile steelhead were used in conjunction with an extensive array of acoustic receivers surrounding the HCB to obtain approximations of the path each steelhead took as they encountered the bridge structure. Steelhead survival past the HCB appeared unaffected by tidal stage, population-of-origin, approach location, current velocity, or time of day, but was influenced by week of bridge encounter. Behavioral data from transmitters with temperature and depth sensors ingested by predators are consistent with high levels of marine mammal predation. This study confirms the considerable impact of the HCB on ESA-listed steelhead smolt survival, and provides detailed information on the behavior of steelhead smolts and their predators at the HCB for use in planning recovery actions.</p>
Coastal infrastructure alters behavior and increases predation mortality of threatened Puget Sound steelhead smolts
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Data from: Upgrades of coastal protection infrastructure affect benthic communities
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