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546 results for “coexistence”
250MBaud Gaussian CV-QKD in coexistence with 8x200G PM-16QAM
<p>This dataset comprises the simulation data of the VPItoolkit™ QKD application example "250MBaud Gaussian CV-QKD in coexistence with 8x200G PM-16QAM". This demonstrates the possibility of coexisting Gaussian CV-QKD and two times four classical channels. The classical channels (32 GBaud) are simulated with 8 samples per symbol. The modulation variance is swept to illustrate how excess noise and secret fraction depend on the modulation variance.</p>
DV-QKD in coexistence with classical channels in multicore fiber
<p>The simulation results demonstrate the possibility of simultaneous transmission of the classical and quantum channels in the same multicore fiber using space division multiplexing. Low crosstalk between the fiber cores helps to isolate the T12 DV-QKD channel (that propagates in one of the fiber cores) from the detrimental effect of the spontaneous Raman scattering of the classical channels propagating in both directions in each other core. The simulation illustrates how QBER and secret key rate degrade with an increase of the classical channel power for the specified crosstalk level between the fiber cores. The simulations examine the system over a wide range of classical channel powers (which may exceed typical values) to find an upper bound under which secure communication is still possible.</p>
Within-plant coexistence of viruses across nitrogen and phosphorus supply rates
Most species can be coinfected by multiple pathogens that may interact through shared resources (i.e., resource competition) or the host immune system (i.e., apparent competition). Community theory developed for free-living organisms suggests that coinfecting pathogens can persist if they satisfy the mutual invasion criterion of coexistence, establishing infections in hosts that are already infected. Furthermore, the likelihood of coexistence may depend on host nutrition which can affect shared resources and host immunity. Here we apply the novel approach of combining a dynamical model and experimental mutual invasibility trials to explore the effects of host nutrient supply on the coexistence of two viral plant pathogens. We focus on among-pathogen interactions mediated by shared resources. First, we used a model to generate hypotheses about how nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply rates affect the ability of two plant viruses to invade established infections of the other virus. Then, we experimentally manipulated the N and P supplied to oats (Avena sativa) in a growth chamber experiment and tested mutual invasion of two RNA viral pathogens, BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPV. Nutrient supplies ranged from rates that barely kept hosts alive up to high, but sub-toxic, rates. Model simulations suggested that the viruses were more likely to invade established infections either when they could replicate at lower N and P concentrations or when plant N and P concentrations increased due to a combination of nutrient supply rates and resident virus nutrient use. In the experiment, each virus successfully invaded hosts infected by the other and had consistent growth rates across N and P supply rates. Our results suggest that BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPV can coexist across a wide range environmental nutrient supply, which is consistent with the high levels of co-occurrence of these two viruses in field populations.
Data for: Attractive solution of binary Bose mixtures: Liquid-vapor coexistence and critical point
<p>Path-integral Monte-Carlo results for a balanced Bose mixture with attractive interspecies interaction. In the files named "press_*" we provide the pressure data, presented in figures 1, 2, and S1, and then used to extract the coexistence regions. In the files named "coexistence_region_*" we provide the data extracted using the Maxwell construction (as well as the condensate fraction for a12=-1.2a) and presented in figures 3, 4, 5 and S2.</p>
Data from: "Mapping opportunities and barriers for coexistence between people and pumas in the Argentine Dry Chaco"
<p>Data from: "Mapping opportunities and barriers for coexistence between people and pumas in the Argentine Dry Chaco"</p><p>====================================================</p><p>Datasets include: </p><p>1. .csv file with puma occurrence data in 149 sites and analyzed covariates (pumadata.csv)</p><p>2. .txt file with puma occupancy modelling scripts (pumascript.txt).</p><p>3. .txt. file with interview data (intdataf.txt).</p><p>4. .txt file with scripts for conflict risk modelling and mapping (confscript.txt).</p><p>5. three zip files with .tiff of the three covariates used for conflict risk mapping (goat.zip, disturbedpr.zip,</p><p>pue1km.zip).</p><p>6. .csv file with protected area data: number of pixels for each landscape type within all protected areas,</p><p>strict protected areas and multiple-use protected areas (PAchaco.csv).<br>7. Read me file with more information on datasets (README.txt)</p><p> </p>
Dataset for "A simple and accurate method to determine fluid-crystal phase boundaries from direct coexistence simulations"
<p>This is a dataset for the article "A simple and accurate method to determine fluid-crystal phase boundaries from direct coexistence simulations", available at https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.10891 (Full citation data will be added upon final publication of the article.)</p> <p>This package provides figure data and representative configuration files associated with the systems studied in the article above. Additionally, for the hard sphere system, this package includes direct coexistence data for all reported system sizes and crystal orientations.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Is a community state reachable, and why?, and Coexistence and collapse: an experimental investigation of the persistent communities of a protist species pool
<p>Deterministic models have difficulties to take into account stochasticity during community assembly. As a tool to circumvent this problem, we present a qualitative discreteevent model, where consequences of interspecific interactions are described as rules. This model provides a map of all possible future dynamics for a given system, which allows to exhaustively describe the possible pathways during an assembly process. Such a description does not rely on species traits details and is insensitive to stochastic effects. This allows to show that subsets of species are sometimes impossible to reach starting from larger sets of species, and therefore to question the reachability of community states during the system’s dynamics. Applying the model to an experimental dataset studying the collapse of protist communities, we obtain a very good theory-experiment agreement. We finally discuss what the notion of reachability can bring to community assembly.</p>
Figure 6 in Sharing the space: coexistence among terrestrial predators in Neotropical caves
Figure 6. Ordering diagram for the five model species produced by the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Legend: Hum = humidity; Temp = temperature; Subs = substrate.
Figure 2 in Sharing the space: coexistence among terrestrial predators in Neotropical caves
Figure 2. Substrate categories utilised for the field observations and the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Rocky substrates: (a) wall and (b) unconsolidated substrate (scale = 5 cm). Organic substrates: (c) guano (forceps for scale) and (d) leaf litter. Photographs by the authors.
Figure 5 in Sharing the space: coexistence among terrestrial predators in Neotropical caves
Figure 5. Ordering diagram of the species produced by the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Legend: Hum = humidity; Temp = temperature; Subs = substrate. The codes for species are given in Appendix 1.
Effects of phenotypic plasticity on species coexistence
<p>Data generated during a study on the effects of phenotypic plasticity on species coexistence.</p> <p>Hess_etal_Data_Competition_01.csv contains data generated during competition trials between two species (Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza). Prior to the competition trials, replicate populations of these species were subject to one of two different levels of an experimental treatment - either low-frequency plasticity-induction or a high-frequency plasticity-induction. Refer to manuscript for full details.</p> <p>Hess_etal_Data_Traits_01.csv contains data on morphological traits of Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza subject to either low- or high-frequency plasticity-induction. Refer to manuscript for full details.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Fig. 1 in Geographic Variation In Habitat Requirements Of Two Coexisting Newt Species In Europe
Fig. 1. (A) Distribution of the northern crested newt (Triturus cristatus) and (B) the smooth newt (T. vulgaris) in Europe (ARNOLD 2002), and their habitat studies performed by country. The symbols indicate (i) landscape types where study was conducted (1 = woodland mosaic with bogs; 2 = woodland mosaic with semi-natural areas; 3 = woodland mosaic with agricultural areas; 4 = inland dunes; 5 = bogs; 6 = agricultural areas; 7 = urban areas) and (ii) the inclusion of terrestrial and aquatic habitat features (filled symbols – both examined; half filled – aquatic habitat only; hollow symbol – terrestrial habitat only). Vegetation zones (according to AASMÄE 2005): A, tundra; B, alpine tundra; C, taiga; D, tem-
Thermal tolerance in Drosophila: repercussions for distribution, community coexistence and responses to climate change
<p>Here we combined controlled experiments and field surveys to determine if estimates of heat tolerance predict distributional ranges and phenology of different Drosophila species in southern South America. </p> <p>We contrasted thermal death time curves, which consider both magnitude and duration of the challenge to estimate heat tolerance, against the thermal range where populations are viable based on field surveys in an 8-yr longitudinal study. </p> <p>We observed a strong correspondence of the physiological limits, the thermal niche for population growth, and the geographic ranges across studied species, which suggests that the thermal biology of different species provides a common currency to understand how species will respond to warming temperatures both at a local level and throughout their distribution range. </p> <p>Our approach represents a novel analytical toolbox to anticipate how natural communities of ectothermic organisms will respond to global warming.</p>
Broad-scale patterns of geographic avoidance between species emerge in the absence of fine-scale mechanisms of coexistence
<p>Aim: The need to forecast range shifts under future climate change has motivated an increasing interest in better understanding the role of biotic interactions in driving diversity patterns. The contribution of biotic interactions to shaping broad-scale species distributions is however, still debated, partly due to the difficulty of detecting their effects. We aim to test whether spatial exclusion between potentially competing species can be detected at the species range scale, and whether this pattern relates to fine-scale mechanisms of coexistence.</p> <p>Location: Western Palearctic</p> <p>Time period: Anthropocene</p> <p>Taxa: bats (Chiroptera)</p> <p>Methods: We develop and evaluate a measure of geographic avoidance that uses outputs of species distribution models to quantify geographic exclusion patterns expected if interspecific competition affects broad-scale distributions. We apply the measure to 10 Palearctic bat species belonging to four morphologically similar cryptic groups in which competition is likely to occur. We compare outputs to null models based on pairs of virtual species and to expectations based on ecological similarity and fine-scale coexistence mechanisms. We project changes in range suitability under climate change taking into account effects of geographic avoidance.</p> <p>Results: Values of geographic avoidance were above null expectations for two cryptic species pairs, suggesting that interspecific competition could have contributed to shaping their broad-scale distributions. These two pairs showed highest levels of ecological similarity and no trophic or habitat partitioning. Considering the role of competition modified predictions of future range suitability.</p> <p>Conclusions: Our results support the role of interspecific competition in limiting the geographic ranges of morphologically similar species in the absence of fine-scale mechanisms of coexistence. This study highlights the importance of incorporating biotic interactions into predictive models of range shifts under climate change, and the need for further integration of community ecology with species distribution models to understand the role of competition in ecology and biogeography.</p>
Recovered frog populations coexist with endemic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis despite load-dependent mortality
<p>Novel infectious diseases, particularly those caused by fungal pathogens, pose considerable risks to global biodiversity. The amphibian chytrid fungus (<em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em>, <em>Bd</em>) has demonstrated the scale of the threat, having caused the greatest recorded loss of vertebrate biodiversity attributable to a pathogen. Despite catastrophic declines on several continents, many affected species have experienced population recoveries after epidemics. However, the potential ongoing threat of endemic <em>Bd</em> in these recovered or recovering populations is still poorly understood. We investigated the threat of endemic <em>Bd</em> to frog populations that recovered after initial precipitous declines, focusing on the endangered rainforest frog <em>Mixophyes fleayi</em>. We conducted extensive field surveys over four years at three independent sites in eastern Australia. First, we compared <em>Bd</em> infection prevalence and infection intensities within frog communities to reveal species-specific infection patterns. Then, we analyzed capture-recapture data of <em>M. fleayi</em> to estimate the impact of <em>Bd</em> infection intensity on apparent mortality rates and <em>Bd</em> infection dynamics. We found that <em>M. fleayi</em> had lower infection intensities than sympatric frogs across the three sites, and cleared infections at higher rates than they gained infections throughout the study period. By incorporating time-varying individual infection intensities, we show that healthy <em>M. fleayi</em> populations persist despite increased apparent mortality associated with infrequent high <em>Bd</em> loads. Infection dynamics were influenced by environmental conditions, with <em>Bd</em> prevalence, infection intensity, and rates of gaining infection associated with lower temperatures and increased rainfall. However, mortality remained constant year-round despite these fluctuations in <em>Bd</em> infections, suggesting major mortality events did not occur over the study period. Together, our results demonstrate that while <em>Bd</em> is still a potential threat to recovered populations of <em>M. fleayi</em>, high rates of clearing infections and generally low average infection loads likely minimize mortality caused by <em>Bd</em>. Our results are consistent with pathogen resistance contributing to the coexistence of <em>M. fleayi </em>with endemic <em>Bd</em>. We emphasize the importance of incorporating infection intensity into disease models rather than infection status alone. Similar population and infection dynamics likely exist within other recovered amphibian-<em>Bd</em> systems around the globe, promising longer-term persistence in the face of endemic chytridiomycosis.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Hejda M (2013) Do species differ in their ability to coexist with the dominant alien Lupinus polyphyllus? A comparison between two distinct invaded ranges and a native range. NeoBiota 17: 39-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.17.4317
Entry data for the univariate models with species richness as a response variable. (doi: 10.3897/neobiota.17.4317.app1) File format: Micrisoft Excell document (xls). :
FIGURE 5 in On the Coexistence in Spain of Prosopigastra kohli Mercet, 1907 and Prosopigastra bulgarica Pulawski, 1958 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)
FIGURE 5. Collecting localities of Prosopigastra bulgarica (red circles) and P. kohli (green triangles) in the Iberian Peninsula. Abbreviations used: A: Alicante Province, BU: Burgos Province, CA: Cádiz Province, CR: Ciudad Real Province, M: Madrid Province, SA: Salamanca Province, SO: Soria Province, SG: Segovia Province, VA: Valladolid Province, ZA: Zamora Province.
FIGURES 1–2 in On the Coexistence in Spain of Prosopigastra kohli Mercet, 1907 and Prosopigastra bulgarica Pulawski, 1958 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)
FIGURES 1–2. Prosopigastra bulgarica Pulawski, female. (1) Scutum; (2) Tergum I. FIGURES 3–4. Prosopigastra kohli Mercet, female. (3) Scutum; (4) Tergum I.
Data from: Individual energetics scale up to community coexistence: Movement, metabolism and biodiversity dynamics in fragmented landscapes
<p>Unraveling the intricate mechanisms that govern community coexistence remains a daunting challenge, particularly amidst ongoing environmental change. To understand the response of individual animals to environmental change, physiology and individual metabolism are often studied. However, this perspective is currently largely lacking in community ecology. We argue that the integration of individual metabolism into community theory can offer new insights into coexistence. We present the first individual-based metabolic community model for a terrestrial mammal community to simulate energy dynamics and home range behavior in different environments. Using this model, we investigate how ecologically similar species coexist and maintain their energy balance under food competition. Only if individuals of different species are able to balance their incoming and outgoing energy over the long-term will they be able to coexist. After thoroughly testing and validating the model against real-world patterns such as of home range dynamics and field metabolic rates, we applied it as a case study to scenarios of habitat fragmentation - a widely discussed topic in biodiversity research. First, comparing single-species simulations with community simulations, we find that the effect of habitat fragmentation on populations is strongly context-dependent. While populations of species living alone in the landscape were mostly positively affected by fragmentation, the diversity of a community of species was highest under medium fragmentation scenarios. Under medium fragmentation, energy balance and reproductive investment were also most similar among species. We therefore suggest that similarity in energy balance among species promotes coexistence. We argue that energetics should be part of community ecology theory, as the relative energetic status and reproductive investment can reveal why and under what environmental conditions coexistence is likely to occur. As a result, landscapes can potentially be protected and designed to maximize coexistence. The metabolic community model presented here can be a promising tool to investigate other scenarios of environmental change or other species communities to further disentangle global change effects and preserve biodiversity.</p>
Mechanisms of coexistence: Exploring species sorting and character displacement in woody plants to alleviate belowground competition
<p>Rarely do we observe competitive exclusion within plant communities, even though plants compete for a limited pool of resources. Thus, our understanding of the mechanisms sustaining plant biodiversity might be limited. In this study, we explore two common ecological strategies, species sorting and character displacement, that promote coexistence by reducing competition. We assess the degree to which woody plants may implement these two strategies to lower belowground competition for nutrients which occurs via nutritional (mostly mycorrhizal) mutualisms. First, we compile data on plant traits and the mycorrhizal association state of woody angiosperms using a global inventory of indigenous flora. Our analysis reveals that species in locations with high mycorrhizal diversity exhibit distinct mean values in leaf area and wood density based on their mycorrhizal type, indicating species sorting. Second, we reanalyze a large dataset on leaf area to demonstrate that in areas with high mycorrhizal diversity, trees maintain divergent leaf area values, showcasing character displacement. Character displacement among plants is considered rare, making our observation significant. In summary, our study uncovers a rare occurrence of character displacement and identifies a common mechanism employed by plants to alleviate competition, shedding light on the complexities of plant coexistence in diverse ecosystems.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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