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Fig. 6 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 6 Bayesian tip-dated FBD (Fossilized Birth-Death) morphological phylogeny of neocoleoid cephalopods, showing the position of Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probabilities (percentage). Tips dated from the first appearance of the oldest member of the relevant lineage in the fossil record (see "Methods" and Supplementary Information). Showing geological timescale dated using Gradstein et al.2, dates in Ma and colors from International Commission on Stratigraphy; Q = Quaternary (pale yellow). Important taxa highlighted: orange = Belemnoidea, purple = Decabrachia, yellow = Prototeuthidina, green = Loligosepiina, cyan = Vampyromorphida, blue = 'teudopseid' grade, red = Octopoda. Tree does not show revised taxonomic designations: Teudopsis bollensis = Briggsiteuthis bollensis gen. et comb. nov., Teudopsis jeletzkyi = Fuchsiteuthis jeletzkyi gen. et comb. nov., Teudopsis subcostata = Suttoniteuthis subcostata gen. et comb. nov., Glyphiteuthis rhinophora = Justinianiteuthis rhinophora gen. et comb. nov., Glyphiteuthis minor = Fisheriteuthis minor gen. et comb. nov., and Trachyteuthis bacchiai = Edmunditeuthis bacchiai gen. et comb. nov. Tree drawn from MrBayes TRE output file using icytree.org. Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Fig. 2 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 2 Idealized drawing of vampyropod gladius (based on Vampyroteuthis). Showing median field, hyperbolar zones, lateral fields, and cone flags, with examples of growth lines. Asymptotes denote borders of hyperbolar zones.

Fig. 3 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 3 Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 64897. a Schematic drawing of Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov.; teal = gladius, orange = head (including arms), brown = buccal apparatus, gray = ink sac, blue = conus, magenta = fin support, patterned yellow = scale-like patches (possible connective tissue remnant). b Increased contrast false color image of Syllipsimopodi, holotype ROMIP 64897. Scale = 1 cm. c Artistic reconstruction showing suckers (created by K. Whalen).

Fig. 5 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 5 Overview of coleoid shell evolution, showing our interpretations of the gladius/proostracum. Early coleoids, such as Gordoniconus13, add the primordial rostrum85 and proostracum14; vampyropods lose the phragmocone and primordial rostrum, the proostracum is now a gladius14; belemnoids and early decabrachians lose the body chamber86 and add the rostrum85; oegopsids lose the rostrum, some retain a demineralized primordial rostrum85 and phragmocone71, the proostracum is now a gladius14. Structures only labeled when they appear (solid black line) or are lost (dashed black line). Shell tissues: orange = phragmocone + body chamber (dashed = demineralized), blue = proostracum/gladius, green = primordial rostrum (dashed = demineralized), yellow = rostrum.

Fig. 4 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 4 Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 64897, showing arm crown. a–d Scale = 1 cm. a Complete body fossil. b–d Showing arm crown; c arm traces in blue, purple indicates the arm is overlapping below two other arms, green indicates the arm is overlapping above itself; d red and yellow circles mark individual suckers. e–g scale = 5 mm; closeup of arms showing suckers, select suckers indicated with white arrows.

Fig. 1 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 1 Overview of neocoleoid interrelationships and divergence time estimates, showing the position of Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov. Based on our Bayesian tip-dated phylogenetic reconstruction (Fig. 6). Shells color coded: blue = proostracum/gladius (hyperbolar zones and lateral reinforcements in darker blue), orange = phragmocone, green = primordial rostrum, yellow = rostrum. Geologic period abbreviations (colors from International Commission on Stratigraphy): = Cambrian (dark green), O = Ordovician (teal), S = Silurian (light blue), D = Devonian (brown), C = Carboniferous (blue), P = Permian (red orange), TR = Triassic (purple), J = Jurassic (cyan), K = Cretaceous (green), PG = Paleogene (orange), N = Neogene (yellow), unlabeled = Quaternary (pale yellow). Purple arrows indicate named nodes, purple bar indicates teudopseid grade. Artistic depictions created by K. Whalen.

Fig. 7 A–D in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 7 A–D, Mojsisovicsteuthis boeckhi (StÜrzenbaum, 1875), Bakony (Hungary), Anisian, Reitzi Zone. A Specimen No. T.3206 with preserved final chamber in lateral view. B Specimen No. T.81 with preserved final chamber in lateral view. The constriction of the last septum prior the final chamber is well seen in both specimens. C–D Specimen No. T.255. C lateral view; D detail of the septum attachment to the phragmocone wall. E–L Breviconoteuthis aff. breviconus, upper Anisian, lower Illyrian, Podhradie, Slovakia. E Ventral view; F, G lateral views demonstrating backwards inclined septa; H dorsal view; I, J cross section at the apical part; J position of the siphuncle; K, L micro-CT imaginations; K longitudinal section in lateral view; L longitudinal section in dorso-ventral view. Specimen No. KGP-PO-001. M Breviconoteuthis breviconus (Reis, 1907), original of Rieber (1974: Fig. 3), upper Anisian, Besano Formation, Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. N, O. Zugmontites mojsisovicsi Reis, 1907, holotype, No. 1901-II-508, upper Anisian, Wettersteinkalk, Austria. N Lateral view; O dorso-ventral view. Scale bar equals 1 cm

Fig. 3 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 3 Gladius morphology of Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n. sp., holotype (MNHNL TI024), Lower Toarcian, Serpentinum Chronozone, Exaratum Subchronozone, Bascharage. A overview of the slab; B close-up of the anterior hyperbolar zone showing the course of growth increments; C schematic morphology and measurements; D overview of the counter-slab; E close-up of the posterior gladius showing the course of growth increments. Scale bars = 10 mm

Fig. 2 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 2 Associated ammonoid fauna recorded at the locality Podhradie. A Paraceratites trinodosus (Mojsisovics, 1882), Bed 3, lower part. B Paraceratites trinodosus (Mojsisovics, 1882), Bed 3, lower part. C Paraceratites trinodosus (Mojsisovics, 1882), Bed 3. D Paraceratites trinodosus (Mojsisovics, 1882), Bed 3, lower part. E Ptychites cf. oppeli Mojsisovics, 1882, Bed 3. F, G Lardaroceras? sp., Bed 3, lower part. H, I Kellnerites cf. bispinosus (Hauer, 1896), Bed 3, upper part

Fig. 6 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 6 Mojsisovicsteuthis boeckhi (StÜrzenbaum, 1875)—the size reconstruction based on the phragmocone angle and size extrapolation. The largest specimen does not possess a "body chamber", therefore, the approximated size may exceed 35 cm

Fig. 3 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 3 Associated ammonoid fauna recorded at the locality Harmanecká Cave—Kozelník. A–C Lardaroceras sp. aff. krystyni Balini, 1992a

Fig. 10 A in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 10 A Reconstruction of cephalopod habitat within Western Carpathian Ráztoka Limestone, Illyrian Trinodosus—Reitzi Zones. Reconstruction: Petr Modlitba, with courtesy of author. B 1. Nautiloids. 2. Diverse ammonoids. 3. Aulacoceratids. 4. Mojsisovicsteuthis. 5. Breviconoteuthis. The benthic fauna is composed by abundant crinoids, echinoids, bivalves and brachiopods. Algae meadows are supposed based on geochemical data. C Fragment of partly tectonically deformed phragmocone of undetermined aulacoceratid; scale bar equals 1 cm

Fig. 1 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 1 Geographical position of the areas of interest (A, B) and close-up views of the satellite photo with precise localization of the studied outcrops in the village Podhradie (C), and near Dolný Harmanec (D). E Outcrop in the roadcut in the village Podhradie. The fossiliferous Bed 3 is outlined. Orange circles with acronyms TO represent the sampling points for the organic geochemistry

Fig. 2 Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 2 Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n. sp., holotype (MNHNL TI024), Lower Toarcian, Serpentinum Chronozone, Exaratum Subchronozone, Bascharage. A–D slab; E–G counter-slab. A overview; B camera lucida drawing of A; C close-up of the head–arm complex; D same under UV-light showing the weakly illuminating arm musculature; E overview; F close-up of the preyed fishes, red colour Specimen 1 (op = opercle; sop = subopercle), blue colour Specimen 2 (caud = caudal fin; sop = subopercle; centra = central vertebra); G same under UV-light. Scale bars = 10 mm

Fig. 5 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 5 General phylogenetic tree of the Neocoleoidea (proostracum-bearing coleoids) indicating arm crown modifications within the Octobrachia. If the filamentous arm pair of Recent Vampyroteuthis is a homologue of the lost arm pair of the Octopoda, the vampyromorph stem lineage (thicker) should theoretically exhibit evidence of a rudimental dorsolateral (5th) arm pair

Fig. 1 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 1 Detailed map of the Edward Steichen Industrial Zone, northeast of the town of Bascharage in southwest Luxembourg. The area marked by a black asterisk corresponds to the place of finding (© Carte topographique: Adm. Du Cadastre et de la Topographie, Luxembourg)

Fig. 4 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 4 Comparative gladius morphology of selected octobrachiate coleoids. A Topology of the cluster analysis based on gladius outlines; B 3-reconstructions of the same gladiuses systematically sorted (after Fuchs, 2020). Where known arm configurations are indicated. Note the gladius outline of Vampyrofugies (based on Rowe et al., 2023) is approximated

Fig. 9 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 9 Plot of Pr/n-C17 versus Ph/n-C18 cross plot showing the source and depositional environments of the natural samples (from Beds 3, 6 and 7, locality Podhradie)

Fig. 11 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 11 Detailed reconstruction of the sea-bottom rich in algae, sponges and crinoid meadows, showing also the common presence of conodonts and a representative of coleoid cephalopod. Petr Modlitba, with courtesy of author

Fig. 8 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 8 Palaeobiogeographic distribution of genera Mojsisovicsteuthis and Breviconoteuthis (Anisian–Carnian). While Mojsisovicsteuthis (larger straight phragmocone) shows large geographic distribution, the genus Breviconoteuthis (smaller phragmocone) is known only from few sites in the Alpine-Carpathian system