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opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Data from: Collective aggressiveness limits colony persistence in high but not low elevation sites in Amazonian social spiders

Identifying the traits that foster group survival in contrasting environments is important for understanding local adaptation in social systems. Here we evaluate the relationship between the aggressiveness of social spider colonies and their persistence along an elevation gradient using the Amazonian spider, Anelosimus eximius. We found that colonies of A. eximius exhibit repeatable differences in their collective aggressiveness (latency to attack prey stimuli), and that colony aggressiveness is linked with persistence in a site-specific manner. Less aggressive colonies are better able to persist at high-elevation sites, which lack colony-sustaining large-bodied prey, whereas colony aggression was not related to chance of persistence at low-elevation sites. This suggests that low aggressiveness promotes colony survival in high-elevation, prey-poor habitats, perhaps via increased tolerance to resource limitation. These data reveal that the collective phenotypes that relate to colony persistence vary by site, and thus, the path of social evolution in these environments is likely to be affected.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Bourgeois behaviour and freeloading in the colonial orb-web spider Parawixia bistriata (Araneae, Araneidae)

Spiders of the tropical American colonial orb weaver Parawixia bistriata form a communal bivouac in daytime. At sunset, they leave the bivouac and construct individual, defended webs within a large, communally built scaffolding of permanent, thick silk lines between trees and bushes. Once spiders started building a web, they repelled other spiders walking on nearby scaffolding with a "bounce" behavior. In nearly all cases (93%), this resulted in the intruder leaving without a fight, akin to the "bourgeois strategy," in which residents win and intruders retreat without escalated contests. However, a few spiders (6.5%) did not build a web due to lack of available space. Webless spiders were less likely to leave when bounced (only 42% left) and instead attempted to "freeload," awaiting the capture of prey items in nearby webs. Our simple model shows that webless spiders should change their strategy from bourgeois to freeloading satellite as potential web sites become increasingly occupied.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Effects of host colony size and hygiene behaviors on social spider kleptoparasite loads along an elevation gradient

1.Group living animals are likely to attract more parasites than solitary ones. Parasite loads, however, should also depend on environmental conditions and on host characteristics and behaviors. Previous work has found that social spider colonies harbor communities of kleptoparasitic spiders thats forego building their own web and, instead, steal prey from their social host. 2.We examined parasite loads and host hygiene behaviors in colonies of social and subsocial spiders in the genus Anelosimus along an elevation gradient in eastern Ecuador. 3.We found that parasite loads declined dramatically with increasing elevation. Host hygiene behaviors, such as debris removal, web repair, and interactions with the parasites, also declined with elevation. Within elevations, species with more frequent hygiene behaviors appeared more successful at keeping parasites at bay. Contrary to our predictions, parasite density declined with host nest and colony size. 4.The decline in parasite loads at higher elevations likely reflects a lower rate of energy exchange between colonies and their environments, where colder temperatures mean fewer and smaller prey for colonies to process. The decline in parasite density with host colony size may reflect a decline in the number of accessible prey in larger host colonies, as larger colonies should capture fewer but larger insects due to scaling properties of their three dimensional webs. 5.Social immunity, whereby a social host uses social behaviour to fight against parasites, has been studied in eusocial and non‐eusocial insects. This study opens up social spiders as a novel system in which to study how host characteristics interact with environmental factors to affect parasite loads. It also introduces the concept of group‐level immunity to social spiders and suggests a role for colony‐level metabolism in determining ecological patterns in parasitism.

FIGURE 7 in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 7. Distribution of Leucauge argyra. New records (yellow) and holotype of Leucauge argyroaffins (red).

FIGURE 5. Leucauge behemoth n in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 5. Leucauge behemoth n. sp. (IBSP 7382) male palp details. A, cymbial hook. B, paracymbium. C, embolus base and conductor. D, conductor tip. Scale bars, 0,1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Leucauge behemoth n in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 4. Leucauge behemoth n. sp. male and female from Manaus (IBSP 7382). A–B, epigynum. A, ventral. B, posterior. C–F, male palp. C, prolateral. D, retrolateral. E, retroventral. F, ventral. Scale bars, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 2. Leucauge behemoth n in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 2. Leucauge behemoth n. sp., female paratype from ARIE do Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Manaus (IBSP 97726). A,habitus, lateral. B, same, dorsal. C–F, Epigynum. C, ventral. D, posterior. E, dorsal, cleared. F, lateral. Scale bars, A, B, 1 mm; C–F, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 3. Living specimens of Leucauge behemoth n. sp. Female from Tambopata, Peru (photographed by Rich Hoyer/ Birdernaturalist in 20/IV/2019): A, female habitus, lateral. B, ventral. C, dorsolateral. D, specimens from Cantón Baños, Ecuador, coexisting without aggression outside their individual webs (photographed by Hederd Torres in 17/XII/2013).

FIGURE 1 in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 1. Leucauge argyra (Walckenaer, 1841). A, Holotype and original label of Leucauge argyroaffins Soares & Camargo 1948 (MZSP 1330) (images by Nadine Dupérré). B, Female from Brasília, epigynum in lateral view (DZUB 3022). C–D pedipalp of male from Brasília (DZUB 4595). C, ventral view. D, retrolateral view. Leucauge behemoth n. sp., pedipalp of male paratype from Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, Manaus (IBSP 97726). E, prolateral. F. ventral. G, retrolateral.Scale bars, A, 1.0 mm; B–G, 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1. Colonial ISoxYa manangona n in Discovery and Genetic Characterization of Single Cohort Adult Colonies With Male Aggregations, and Preliminary Evidence for Lekking in a Malagasy Kite Spider (Isoxya,

Fig. 1. Colonial ISoxYa manangona n. sp. from Andasibe, Madagascar. (a) A part of a colony with 79 spiders in 41 webs (image shows 23 webs). (b) A detail from another colony where females are in their individual webs (image shows 14 of the 16 webs in the colony) while males hang on line in between webs (image shows 12 males). (c) A detail of another colony showing male leks.These males showed no overt intrasexual aggression that would be typical of solitary spiders.

Fig. 26 in Discovery and Genetic Characterization of Single Cohort Adult Colonies With Male Aggregations, and Preliminary Evidence for Lekking in a Malagasy Kite Spider (Isoxya,

Fig. 26. Clustering of individuals from the nine web colonies (A–I) based on discriminant analysis of principal components from unlinked SNPs.

Plate 2. Figs. 9–17 in Discovery and Genetic Characterization of Single Cohort Adult Colonies With Male Aggregations, and Preliminary Evidence for Lekking in a Malagasy Kite Spider (Isoxya,

Plate 2. Figs. 9–17. Male: dorsal (Fig. 9), ventral (Fig. 10), side (Fig. 11); palp: dorsal (Fig. 12), ventral (Fig. 13), retrolateral (Fig. 14), prolateral (Fig. 15); line drawings: dorsal palp (Fig. 16), median apophysis (Fig. 17).

Plate 3. Figs. 18–25 in Discovery and Genetic Characterization of Single Cohort Adult Colonies With Male Aggregations, and Preliminary Evidence for Lekking in a Malagasy Kite Spider (Isoxya,

Plate 3. Figs. 18–25. Female: melanic dorsal (Fig. 18), ventral (Fig. 19); light dorsal (Fig. 20), ventral (Fig. 21); Male: melanic dorsal (Fig. 22), ventral (Fig. 23); light dorsal (Fig. 24), ventral (Fig. 25).

Fig. 28 in Discovery and Genetic Characterization of Single Cohort Adult Colonies With Male Aggregations, and Preliminary Evidence for Lekking in a Malagasy Kite Spider (Isoxya,

Fig. 28. Unsupervised machine learning clustering analysis based on unlinked SNPs using variational autoencoders. Colors for individuals are based on the web colony (A–I) from which they were collected.

Plate 1. Figs. 2–8 in Discovery and Genetic Characterization of Single Cohort Adult Colonies With Male Aggregations, and Preliminary Evidence for Lekking in a Malagasy Kite Spider (Isoxya,

Plate 1. Figs. 2–8. Female: dorsal (Fig. 2), ventral (Fig. 3), side (Fig. 4); epigyne: ventral (Fig 5), posterior (Fig. 6), spermatheca dorsal (Fig. 7); line drawing: epigyne ventral (Fig. 8).

Fig. 27 in Discovery and Genetic Characterization of Single Cohort Adult Colonies With Male Aggregations, and Preliminary Evidence for Lekking in a Malagasy Kite Spider (Isoxya,

Fig. 27. Membership probability for each individual to the nine web colonies (A–I) based on the discriminant analysis of principal components clustering from unlinked SNPs.

publicFeb 2013View details →

Data from: Bourgeois behaviour and freeloading in the colonial orb-web spider Parawixia bistriata (Araneae, Araneidae)

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publicNov 2019View details →

Data from: Collective aggressiveness limits colony persistence in high but not low elevation sites in Amazonian social spiders

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