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FIGURE 3 in Does soil color affect fish evolution? Differences in color change rate between lineages of the sailfin tetra
FIGURE 3 | A. Representation of the stock tank, with sandy bottom. B. Representation of experimental tank showing the compartments, leaf litter bottom and light bulb. Inner panes: pictures of fish with bright coloration (in stock tank) and dark coloration (after ten minutes of exposure to leaf litter bottom).
FIGURE 2 in Does soil color affect fish evolution? Differences in color change rate between lineages of the sailfin tetra
FIGURE 2 | Map showing the geographical position of the four populations of Crenuchus spilurus used in this study. Shapes represent the two main lineages that each population represents; squares for the Negro lineage and circles for the Amazonas lineage. Classification of lineages follows Pires et al. (2018).
Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation
Fig. 5. Relative mean GSI vs. relative mean HSI of color pattern variants of Cichla temensis. Points for GSI represent the mean value for each CPV grade as compared to the range encountered. Points for HSI represent the mean value for each CPV grade compared to the range encountered.
Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation
Fig. 3. Biplot of the uniform components in each direction (UniX and UniY) of morphometrical differences in 80 specimens of Cichla temensis in 4 color variation patterns (CPV) as measured by 9 Thin Plate Spline (TPS) distortion variables (V1-V9). Colored numbers indicate the CPV grade of individuals. The total spread of scores among individuals of each CPV are indicated by an envelope (solid line polygon) calculated as the minimum convex hull for that group. Position in the plot relative to other individuals indicates the degree of similarity in morph. Vectors point in the direction of gradient change for that TPS variable and the magnitude indicates the strength of the gradient. Angles between vectors indicate the TPS interset correlations.
FIGURE 12 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 12 | Map showing the type locality of Corydoras colossus (orange star), the rio Jutaí close to its outfall into the rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 10 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 10 | Variations in color pattern in life of Corydoras colossus in lateral view, showing the general color pattern in life of the holotype (A); MNRJ 54421, 44.5 mm SL), a paratype with a paler pattern (B); not labelled as photographed after preservation, catalog number untraceable), and of an uncatalogued aquarium specimen (not measured) with a darker pattern (C). Photos by Steven Grant.
FIGURE 9 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 9 | Coalescent platelets on ventral surface of trunk in a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL), forming the typical mosaic-like pattern. Area in detail outlined (dotted line) in black in the miniature photo of the holotype (MNRJ 54421, 44.5 mm SL) in ventral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 8 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 8 | General morphology of caudal skeleton in a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 43.1 mm SL), showing the small cartilage (outlined in red) between upper principal and procurrent caudal-fin rays. Abbreviations: ccc: compound caudal centrum, cfr: caudal-fin principal rays, dpcr: dorsal procurrent rays, epu: epural, has: haemal spine, hyp 1–5: hypurals 1 to 5, nes: neural spine, par: parhypural, pu 2–4: preural centra 2 to 4, un: uroneural, vpcr: ventral procurrent rays. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 7 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 7 | Pelvic girdle in a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 43.1 mm SL). Abbreviations: bp: basipterygium, pae: anterior external process, pai: anterior internal process, pi: dorsal ischiac process. Pelvic girdle position shown in red in the miniature photo of the holotype (MNRJ 54421, 44.5 mm SL) in ventral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 6 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 6 | General color pattern in life of an uncatalogued aquarium specimen in dorsal view (A), showing its predorsal region in detail (B); general color pattern of anterior portion of body of another uncatalogued aquarium specimen, showing its head and anterior portion of trunk in lateral view (C) and the detail of the axillary region in a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL), which is indicated by the grey arrow. Red arrows in (B) indicate that the extremities of the V-shaped iridescent patch, which seem to point towards the origin of each dorsal and pectoral spines in dorsal view; similarly, the white arrows in (C) indicates the roughly arched iridescent area from pectoral-fin origin to dorsal-fin origin in lateral view. Red arrow in (C) indicates the iridescent patch on lateral portion of cleithrum, above axillary gland region, which is located just dorsally to axillary gland opening (indicated by the grey arrow base). Yellow arrow indicates the axillary gland opening, and the transparent white area represents the soft tissue covering the axillary region in non c&s specimens. Abbreviations: cl: cleithrum, pfs: pectoral-fin spine, sco: scapulocoracoid. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photos A and B by Wei-Chieh Tseng, photo C by Daniel Konn-Vetterlein.
FIGURE 4 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 4 | Infraorbital series in lateral view (A), region of orbit in dorsal view (B), and suspensorium plus operculum in lateral view of a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL). Abbreviations: aa: angulo-articular, d: dentary, f: frontal, hym: hyomandibula, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, mp: metapterygoid, op: opercle, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, q: quadrate, sph: sphenotic. Yellow arrows indicate the inner laminar expansion of both infraorbitals. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 3 | Top of head and predorsal region of trunk of a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL) in dorsal view. Abbreviations: f: frontal, n: nasal, np: nuchal plate, pes: pteroticextrascapular, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 1 | Corydoras colossus, holotype, MNRJ 54421, 44.5 mm SL, Jutaí, Amazonas, Brazil, rio Jutaí, reportedly near confluence with rio Solimões, rio Amazonas basin.
FIGURE 5 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 5 | Lateral view of (A) the dorsal-fin spine and dorsal view of (B) the left pectoral-fin spine in a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL), showing their serration patterns. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 11 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 11 | Breeding pair (A), female on the left and male on the right, plus an ontogenetic series of Corydoras colossus (bred under aquarium conditions) showing general changes in external morphology and color pattern in specimens with (B) 9.0 mm TL, (C) 13.0 mm TL; (D) 17.0 mm TL, and (E) 22.0 mm TL. Photos by Hans Evers.
FIGURE 2 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 2 | Head osteological pattern in a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL), showing (A) general morphology in lateral view, and (B) the detail of the lateral ethmoid morphology. Abbreviations: f: frontal, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, le: lateral ethmoid, n: nasal, me: mesethmoid, op: opercle, pes: pterotic-extrascapular, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Dataset: Invariant categorical color regions across illuminant change coincide with focal colors
<p>Experimental data for a paper titled "Invariant categorical color regions across illuminant change coincide with focal colors“ published in Journal of Vision.</p> <p>This repository contains following data. Please refer to the article for details about the dataset.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>1. IlluminantsANDReflectances.xlsx</strong></p> <p>This file stores spectral radiance for each illuminant and OSA coordinates (jgL) and reflectance values for 424 OSA color samples.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>2. Exp1_1_RawData</strong></p> <p>Raw data for Experiment 1-1.</p> <p>This folder has xlsx files, and filename indicates the illuminant condiion.</p> <p>In each xlsx file, different sheets contain a different observer’s data.</p> <p>The number (1-424) corresponds to the number of OSA sample (shown in IlluminantsANDReflectances.xlsx).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>3. Exp1_2_RawData</strong></p> <p>Raw data for Experiment 1-2. The same format as Exp1_1_RawData.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>4. Exp2_RawData.xlsx</strong></p> <p>Raw matching data for Experiment 2.</p> <p>The name of each sheet shows the observer & illuminant condition.</p> <p>Each row shows Ljg coordinates of the OSA sample and associated matching result (in RGB and xyL).</p>
Data from: Phenotypic flexibility in background-mediated color change in sticklebacks
<p>Phenotypic flexibility may incur a selective advantage in changing and heterogeneous environments, and is increasingly recognized as an integral aspect of organismal adaptation. Despite the widespread occurrence and potential importance of rapid and reversible background-mediated color change for predator avoidance, knowledge gaps remain regarding its adaptive value, repeatability within individuals, phenotypic correlates, and whether its expression is context dependent. We used manipulative experiments to investigate these issues in two fish species, the three-spined (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>) and nine-spined stickleback (<i>Pungitius pungitius</i>). We sequentially exposed individuals to dark and light visual background treatments, quantified color change from video recordings, and examined associations of color change with phenotypic dimensions that can influence the outcome of predator-prey interactions. <i>G. aculeatus</i> expressed a greater degree of color change compared to <i>P. pungitius</i>. In <i>G. aculeatus, </i>the<i> </i>color change response was repeatable within individuals. Moreover, the color change response was independent of body size but affected by sex and boldness, with males and bolder individuals changing less. Infection by the parasite <i><span>Schistocephalus solidus</span></i> did not affect the degree of color change, but it did modulate its association with sex and boldness. <i>G. aculeatus</i> adjusted the expression of color change in response to predation risk, with enhanced color change expression in individuals exposed to either simulated attacks, or olfactory cues from a natural predator. These results provide novel evidence on repeatability, correlated traits, and context dependence in the color change response and highlight how a suite of factors can contribute to individual variation in phenotypic flexibility.</p>
Transcriptomic regulation of seasonal coat color change in hares
<p>Color molts from summer brown to winter white coats have evolved in several species to maintain camouflage year-round in environments with seasonal snow. Despite the eco-evolutionary relevance of this key phenological adaptation, its molecular regulation has only recently begun to be addressed. Here, we analyze skin transcription changes during the autumn molt of the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) and integrate the results with an established model of gene regulation across the spring molt of the closely related snowshoe hare (L. americanus). We quantified differences in gene expression among three stages of molt progression – "brown" (early molt), "intermediate" and "white" (late molt). We found 632 differentially expressed genes, with a major pulse of expression early in the molt, followed by a milder one in late molt. The functional makeup of differentially expressed genes anchored the sampled molt stages to the developmental timeline of the hair growth cycle, associating anagen to early molt and the transition to catagen to late molt. The progression of color change was characterized by differential expression of genes involved in pigmentation, circadian and behavioral regulation. We found significant overlap between differentially expressed genes across the seasonal molts of mountain and snowshoe hares, particularly at molt onset, suggesting conservatism of gene regulation across species and seasons. However, some discrepancies suggest seasonal differences in melanocyte differentiation and the integration of nutritional cues. Our established regulatory model of seasonal coat color molt provides an important mechanistic context to study the functional architecture and evolution of this crucial seasonal adaptation.</p>
House finch leg color changes with infection
<p>In numerous animals, dramatic coloration (e.g., bright red or yellow) often indicates potential fitness, but it is less clear whether subtle coloration in the same individuals (e.g., grey or brown) could also encode such signals. To determine if subtle coloration could indicate health in a bird species with colorful feathers, house finches (<em>Haemorhous mexicanus</em>), we used spectrometry to objectively quantify leg brightness and saturation before, six days after, and 13 days after captive individuals were inoculated with a naturally-occurring bacterial pathogen, <em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</em>. We found that legs became less bright six days after infection (near the typical peak of infection), then more bright and less saturated at 13 days (entering the typical recovery period). These results suggest that subtle colors could reliably indicate current infection status, and therefore survival potential.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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