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figure 3 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles

figure 3 Variation in body pigmentation between different background coloration treatments during ethe xperimental time in H. arborea tadpoles. dl – dark-light treatment; d – dark treatment; dd – darkdark treatment; ld – light-dark treatment; l – light treatment; ll – light-light treatment

figure 4 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles

figure 4 The tadpole body coloration by treatment: day 0 – the start of the experiment, average pigmentation 69% of dark pixels, no treatment groups; day 20 of the experiment (day 20) – two treatment groups, Dark and Light, average pigmentation d – 93% and l – 62% of dark pixels; day 36 – the end of the experiment (day 36) – four treatments, dd – dark-dark treatment, ld – light-dark treatment, dl – dark-light treatment, ll – light-light treatment, average pigmentation dd – 90%, dl – 60%, ld – 91%, ll – 70% of dark pixels.

figure 1 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles

figure 1 Experimental design of the study. n – sample size; gs – developmental stage by Gosner, 1960

figure 6 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles

figure 6 Mean body shape of each treatment in two time points (after 20 days of the experiment – two treatments, and after 36 days/at the end of the experiment – four treatments) visualized in the canonical variate space (cv1 vs. cv 2). 20 d – dark treatment after 20 days; 20 l – light treatment after 20 days; 36 dd – dark-dark treatment after 36 days; 36 dl – dark-light treatment after 36 days; 36 ll – light-light treatment after 36 days; 36 ld – light-dark treatment after 36 days.

figure 8 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles

figure 8 How many times on average (with standard error) H. arborea tadpoles from different treatments were detected in the dark background: without predator chemical cues (black bars), with predator chemical cues (grey bars). dl – dark-light treatment; dd – dark-dark treatment; ld – light-dark treatment; ll – light-light treatment.

figure 2 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles

figure 2 Position of landmarks (l) and semi-landmarks (sl): l 1 – the tip of the snout, l 2 & 3 – dorsal and ventral points of anterior eye edge, l 4 – the intersection of head-body and dorsal edge of the tail fin, l 7 – the intersection of head-body and the ventral edge of the tail muscle, sl 5, 6 & 8 – the dorsal side of the tail fin, the dorsal side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail fin, all in the same vertical line as l 7, sl 9–12 – the dorsal side of the tail fin, the dorsal side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail fin ¼ the distance between l 7 and l 21, sl 13–16 – the dorsal side of the tail fin, the dorsal side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail fin ½ the distance between l 7 and l 21, sl 17–20 – the dorsal side of the tail fin, the dorsal side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail fin ¾ the distance between l 7 and l 21, l 21 – the tip of the tail

figure 7 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles

figure 7 Ontogenetic trajectories of each treatment in two time points (after 20 days of the experiment – two treatments, and after 36 days/at the end of the experiment – four treatments) visualized in the space of principal components (pc1 vs. pc2). 20 d – dark treatment after 20 days; 20 l – light treatment after 20 days; 36 dd – dark-dark treatment after 36 days; 36 dl – dark-light treatment after 36 days; 36 ll – light-light treatment after 36 days; 36 ld – light-dark treatment after 36 days.

figure 5 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles

figure 5 Body length variation between different background coloration treatments during experimental time in H. arborea tadpoles. dl – dark-light treatment; d – dark treatment; dd – dark-dark treatment; ld – light-dark treatment; l – light treatment; ll – light-light treatment.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Colorful traits in avian females, individual condition, reproductive performance, and male mate preferences: A meta-analytic approach

Colorful ornaments in females are suggested to have evolved and be maintained by sexual selection. Although several studies have evaluated this idea evidence is still equivocal. Results from empirical studies have been compilated in reviews, but quantitative analyses have seldom been performed. Here, using a meta-analytic approach, we show that evidence from empirical studies conducted in birds, supports the ideas that colorful female ornaments are positively associated with individual condition, reproductive performance, and male-mate preferences. Hence, females' colorful traits, in birds, likely evolved and are maintained by sexual selection.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Heterozygote advantage and pleiotropy contribute to intraspecific color trait variability

The persistence of intrapopulation phenotypic variation typically requires some form of balancing selection since drift and directional selection eventually erode genetic variation. Heterozygote advantage remains a classic explanation for the maintenance of genetic variation in the face of selection. However, examples of heterozygote advantage, other than those associated with disease resistance are rather uncommon. Across most of its distribution, males of the aposematic moth Arctia plantaginis have two hindwing phenotypes determined by a heritable one locus-two allele polymorphism (genotypes: WW/Wy = white morph, yy = yellow morph). Using genotyped moths we show that the presence of one or two copies of the yellow allele affects several life-history traits. Reproductive output of both males and females, and female mating success are negatively affected by two copies of the yellow allele. Females carrying one yellow allele (i.e. Wy) have higher fertility, hatching success, and offspring survival than either homozygote, thus leading to strong heterozygote advantage. Our results indicate strong female contribution especially at the postcopulatory stage in maintaining the color polymorphism. The interplay between heterozygote advantage, yellow allele pleiotropic effect and morph-specific predation pressure may exert balancing selection on the color locus, suggesting that color polymorphism may be maintained through complex interactions between natural and sexual selection.

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Genome-wide association studies identify candidate genes for coat color and mohair traits in the Iranian Markhoz goat

Illumina Caprine 53K SNPchip genotypes of 228 Iranian goats used for coat color and mohair traits GWAS

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2018View details →

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Colorful traits in female birds relate to individual condition, reproductive performance, and male mate preferences: A meta-analytic approach dataset

Colorful traits in females are suggested to have evolved and be maintained by sexual selection. Although several studies have evaluated this idea, support is still equivocal. Evidence has been compiled in reviews, and a handful of quantitative synthesis have explored evidence of the link between condition and specific color traits in males and females. However, understanding the potential function of females' colorful traits in sexual communication has not been the primary focus of any of those previous studies. Here, using a meta-analytic approach, we find that evidence from empirical studies in birds supports the idea that colorful female ornaments are positively associated with residual mass and immune response, clutch size, and male-mate preferences. Hence, colorful traits in female birds likely evolved and are maintained by sexual selection.

publicAug 2021View details →

Colorful traits in female birds relate to individual condition, reproductive performance, and male mate preferences: A meta-analytic approach dataset

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publicAug 2022View details →

Heterozygote advantage and pleiotropy contribute to intraspecific color trait variability

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publicNov 2020View details →

Colorful traits in avian females, individual condition, reproductive performance, and male mate preferences: A meta-analytic approach

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opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Selection on a small genomic region underpins differentiation in multiple color traits between two warbler species

Speciation is one of the most important processes in biology, yet the study of the genomic changes underlying this process is in its infancy. North American warbler species Setophaga townsendi and S. occidentalis hybridize in a stable hybrid zone, following a period of geographic separation. Genomic differentiation accumulated during geographic isolation can be homogenized by introgression at secondary contact, while genetic regions that cause low hybrid fitness can be shielded from such introgression. Here we examined the genomic underpinning of speciation by investigating: (1) the genetic basis of divergent pigmentation traits between species, (2) variation in differentiation across the genome, and (3) the evidence for selection maintaining differentiation in the pigmentation genes. Using tens of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in hundreds of individuals within and near the hybrid zone, genome-wide association mapping revealed a single SNP associated with cheek, crown, breast coloration, and flank streaking, reflecting pleiotropy (one gene affecting multiple traits) or close physical linkage of different genes affecting different traits. This SNP is within an intron of the RALY gene, hence we refer to it as the RALY SNP. We then examined between-species genomic differentiation, using both genotyping-by-sequencing and whole genome sequencing. We found that the RALY SNP is within one of the highest peaks of differentiation, which contains three genes known to influence pigmentation: ASIP, EIF2S2, and RALY (the ASIP-RALY gene block). Heterozygotes at this gene block are likely of reduced fitness, as the geographic cline of the RALY SNP has been narrow over two decades. Together, these results reflect at least one barrier to gene flow within this narrow (~200kb) genomic region that modulates plumage difference between species. Despite extensive gene flow between species across the genome, this study provides evidence that selection on a phenotype-associated genomic region maintains a stable species boundary.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

The interplay of color and bioacoustic traits in the differentiation of a Southeast Asian songbird complex

Morphological traits have served generations of biologists as a taxonomic indicator, and have been the main basis for defining and classifying species diversity for centuries. A quantitative integration of behavioural characters, such as vocalizations, in studies on biotic differentiation has arisen more recently, and the relative importance of these different traits in the diversification process remains poorly understood. To provide a framework within which to interpret the evolutionary interplay between morphological and behavioral traits, we generated a draft genome of a cryptic Southeast Asian songbird, the Limestone Wren-babbler Napothera crispifrons. We re-sequenced whole genomes of multiple individuals of all three traditional subspecies and of a distinct leucistic population. We demonstrate strong genomic and mitochondrial divergence among all three taxa, pointing to the existence of three species-level lineages. Despite its great phenotypic distinctness, the leucistic population was characterized by shallow genomic differentiation from its neighbor, with only a few localized regions emerging as highly-diverged. Quantitative bioacoustic analysis across multiple traits revealed deep differences especially between the two taxa characterized by limited plumage differentiation. Our study demonstrates that differentiation in these furtive songbirds has resulted in a complex mosaic of color-based and bioacoustic differences among populations. Extreme color differences can be anchored in few genomic loci and may therefore arise and subside rapidly.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Multiple signaling in a variable environment: expression of song and color traits as a function of ambient sound and light

Many animals communicate using more than one signal, and several hypotheses exist to explain the evolution of multiple signals. However, these hypotheses typically assume static selection pressures and previous work has not addressed how spatial and temporal environmental variation can shape variation in signaling systems. In particular, environmental variability, such as ambient lighting or noise, may affect efficacy (e.g. detectability/perception by receivers) of signals. To examine how signal expression varies intraspecifically as a function of habitat characteristics, we evaluated relationships between spatial environmental variation and song and plumage color expression in a tropical songbird, the red-throated ant-tanager (Habia fuscicauda) in Panama. We recorded male ant-tanager song, plucked feathers to measure coloration, and recorded the acoustic and light environments from each male's territory. In addition, we took several morphometric measurements from each male to assess the potential information content of song and plumage color. We found that males with redder and more saturated crowns occurred on darker territories, and males that sang shorter and lower frequency songs occurred on noisier territories. We also found that more colorful males tended to sing longer and lower frequency songs. Finally we found that song and color correlated similarly with male morphology (e.g. tarsus length, body mass). Altogether these results indicate that spatial variation in the environment is related to male coloration and song, and that males might be optimizing color and song expression for their particular territorial environment.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Keeping an eye on coloration: ecological correlates of the evolution of pitcher traits in the genus Nepenthes (Caryophyllales)

Nepenthes is a genus of carnivorous pitcher plants with high intra- and interspecific morphological diversity. Many species produce dimorphic pitchers, and the relative production rate of the two morphs varies interspecifically. Despite their likely ecological importance to the plants, little is known about the selective context under which various pitcher traits have evolved. This is especially true of color-related traits, which have not been examined in a phylogenetic context. Using field observations of one polymorphic species (N. gracilis) and phylogenetic comparative analysis of 85 species across the genus, we investigate correlations between color polymorphism and ecological factors including altitude, light environment, and herbivory. In N. gracilis, color does not correlate to amount of prey-capture, but red pitchers experience less herbivory. Throughout the genus, color polymorphism with redder lower pitchers appears to be evolutionarily favored. We found a lack of phylogenetic signal for most traits, either suggesting that most traits are labile or reflecting the uncertainty regarding the underlying tree topology. This work highlights ecological correlates of the vast phenotypic diversity of this group of tropical plants. We point to a need for future work examining herbivores of Nepenthes and experimental investigations on color polymorphism.