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139 results for “color variation”
Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: the history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs
<p>The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in <i>Phyllobates</i>. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.</p>
Fig. 5. Mean Gonadosomatic Index for C in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 5. Mean Gonadosomatic Index for C. temensis variants grouped by CPV grade. a) Females from the Igapó Açú (Region 1). b) Females from the rio Caures (Region 2). c) Males from the Igapó Açú region. d) Males from the rio Caures. A significant correlation between GSI and CPV Grade was found for males and females in both collecting regions, p <.01 for a, b, d, and d.
Fig. 4 in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 50 sequences sampled from the paca and açu variants of Cichla temensis (Genbank accession numbers HQ230011 - HQ230016) The phylogeny was rooted a posteriori with Cichla species of the clade A (sensu Willis et al. 2010) (GU295691- GU295704). The scale represents an HKY85 genetic distance.
Fig. 3. a in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 3. a) Mean (± SEM) lateral line scale counts for C. temensis, C. monoculus, and C. orinocensis. ANOVA showed no significant differences among the C. temensis variants but revealed significant differences interspecifically. Post hoc t tests (horizontal starred bar) revealed that all species were significantly different, p <0.0001*. b) Mean (± SEM) body depth to Standard Length ratio (adjusted for gonad size differential) for C. temensis, C. monoculus, and C. orinocensis. ANOVA showed no significant differences among the C. temensis variants but revealed significant differences interspecifically. Post hoc t tests (horizontal starred bar) revealed that all C. temensis were significantly different from both sympatric species, p <0.0001*.
Fig. 2 in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 2. Collecting regions in two cyclically flooding drainages in the rio Amazon basin. Region 1, the Igapó-Açu region, a blackwater tributary complex of the rio Madeira, provided specimens of C. temensis and C. monoculus. Region 2, the rio Caures, a blackwater tributary of the rio Negro, provided specimens of C. temensis and C. orinocensis.
Identifying the proximal cue(s) for pupal color variation in the bordered patch butterfly, Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer 1837; Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
<p>Color is a multifaceted trait with many functions such as predator defense, thermoregulation, and immune response. We investigated pupal color variation in <em>Chlosyne lacinia</em> pupae, focusing on identifying the cue for increased melanization. Through laboratory experiments, we demonstrated pupae reared on black backgrounds exhibited significantly higher melanization compared to those on white backgrounds. Additionally, black pupae experienced longer developmental periods, suggesting a trade-off between defense and developmental time. Our findings support crypsis as a likely evolutionary driver for increased melanization in response to substrate color. We discuss potential implications for predator avoidance, immune response, and developmental costs associated with melanization. This study provides insights into the adaptive significance of pupal melanization in response to environmental cues, shedding light on the complex interplay between life history traits in butterflies.</p>
Data accompanying Polyphenisms and polymorphisms: genetic variation in plasticity and color variation within and among bluefin killifish populations
<p>The presence of stable color polymorphisms within populations begs the question of how genetic variation is maintained. Consistent variation among populations in coloration, especially when correlated with environmental variation, raises questions about whether environmental conditions affect either the fulcrum of those balanced polymorphisms, the plastic expression of coloration, or both. Color patterns in male bluefin killifish provoke both types of questions. Red and yellow morphs are common in all populations. Blue males are more common in tannin-stained swamps relative to clear springs. Here we combined crosses with a manipulation of light to explore how genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity shape these patterns. We found that the variation in coloration is attributable mainly to two axes of variation: (1) a red-yellow axis with yellow being dominant to red, and (2) a blue axis that can override red-yellow and is controlled by genetics, phenotypic plasticity, and genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. The variation among populations in plasticity suggests it is adaptive in some populations but not others. The variation among sires in plasticity within the swamp population suggests balancing selection may be acting not only on the red-yellow polymorphism but also on plasticity for blue coloration.</p>
Fig. 5 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 5. Identifying characters of Argia apicalis in the southeast: (A) humeral stripe wide extending at least three-quarters of the pterothorax length; (B) middorsal line slightly wider than in northwestern A. apicalis; and (C) paler caudal appendage (whiter) than in individuals from the north.
Fig. 2 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 2. (A) Distribution map of specimens examined (this accounts for about 59% of the reported distribution of Argia apicalis). Dark gray states with black dots represent collected specimen localities, and light gray states with no dots represent areas where no specimens were collected. (B) Distribution of color morphs of A. apicalis in Florida; dark gray represents counties with typical A. apicalis, light gray represents counties with atypical A. apicalis, and the striped area represents the county in which both typical and atypical A. apicalis morphs are present.
Fig. 4 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 4. Variation in width and extension of humeral stripes in the northwest region of the distribution: (A) Dallas County, Texas; (B) Fairfax County, Virginia; (C) Hunterdon County,New Jersey;(D) Iowa; (E) Missouri County,Oregon; (F) Washington Parish,Louisiana; (G) Holmes County, Florida;(H) Wharton County, Texas; and (I) Washington D.C.
Fig. 1. The 4 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 1. The 4 defining characters of Argia apicalis; (A) a pearlaceous blue pterothorax and a hairline humeral stripe; (B) a thin dorsal stripe; (C) males have a distinctive pointed and tooth-like cercus; (D) and their distribution east of the Rocky Mountains (shaded areas on map are the recorded distribution of A. apicalis).
Fig. 3 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 3. Geographical color variation: individuals from the (A) northwestern range of the distribution have a typical (= narrow) humeral stripe, whereas individuals from the (B) southeastern part of the range have an atypical (= wide) humeral stripe.
Fig. 6 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 6. Variation of humeral stripes in the southeast region of the distribution: (A) Clay County, Florida; (B) Columbia County; Florida; (C) Wakulla County, Florida; and (D) Suwannee County, Florida.
Figure 1 in Haemagogus spegazzinii Brèthes, 1912 (Diptera: Culicidae) in Brazilian semiarid: resistance in eggs and scale color variation in adults
Figure 1 - Location of the collection area of Haemagogus spp. eggs in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. a) Map of Brazil, with Rio Grande do Norte state highlighted in red. b) Map of Rio Grande do Norte, highlighting the municipality of Currais Novos. c) Map of Currais Novos, highlighting the collection area. d) Collection area (Cânion dos Apertados) in the semiarid of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Green points: positive ovitraps; Red points: negative ovitraps.
Figure 1. Pseudomops septentrionalis. A-F. Color variation. A-C. Light form. D-F. Melanic form. G in First records of Pseudomops septentrionalis Hebard, 1917 (Blattodea: Blattellidae) in Nuevo León, Mexico
Figure 1. Pseudomops septentrionalis. A-F. Color variation. A-C. Light form. D-F. Melanic form. G. Abdomen in dorsal view, showing tufts of piliform bristles in T-3 and T-4. H-J. Specimens in their natural habitat. / A-F. Variación de color. A-C. Forma clara. D-F. Forma melánica. G. Abdomen en vista dorsal, mostrando mechones de cerdas piliformes en T-3 y T-4. H-J. Espécimenes en su hábitat natural.
Figure 3 in Color and pattern variation of the Balkan whip snake, Hierophis gemonensis (Laurenti, 1768)
Figure 3. Black colored individuals of Hierophis gemonensis from the Balkans. A, B – Specimen from Danilovgrad, Montenegro (photo by A Simović); C, D – Trebeshinë Mts., Albania (E Mizsei); E - Virpazar, Montenegro (J Hill); F, G – Vlasia, Greece (E Tzoras); H – Platanovrisi, Greece (E Tzoras). For details see the Table.
Figure 1 in Color and pattern variation of the Balkan whip snake, Hierophis gemonensis (Laurenti, 1768)
Figure 1. Records of black-colored specimens of Hierophis gemonensis in the southwestern Balkans summarized in the present study. The numbers on the map correspond to the Table. The distribution of the species in the Balkans is shown in green (according to Sillero et al., 2014). Insets show a typically colored snake (lower left, photo by E Mizsei) and a black-colored individual (top right, photo by D Jablonski), both photographed in Albania.
Supplementary material to "Exogenous corticosterone and melanin-based coloration explain variation in juvenile dispersal behaviour in the barn owl (Tyto alba)"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Natal dispersal affects many processes such as population dynamics. So far, most studies have examined the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that determine the distance between the place of birth and of first breeding. In contrast, few researchers followed the first steps of dispersal soon after fledging. To study this gap, we radio-tracked 95 barn owl nestlings (<em>Tyto alba</em>) to locate their diurnal roost sites from the fledging stage until December. This was used to test whether the age of nest departure, post-fledging movements and dispersal distance were related to melanin-based coloration, which is correlated to fitness-related traits, as well as to corticosterone, a hormone that mediates a number of life history trade-offs and the physiological and behavioural responses to stressful situations. We found that the artificial administration of corticosterone delayed the age when juveniles left their parental home-range in females but not in males. During the first few months after fledging, longer dispersal distances were reached by females compared to males, by individuals marked with larger black feather spots compared to individuals with smaller spots, by larger individuals and by those experimentally treated with corticosterone. We conclude that the onset and magnitude of dispersal is sensitive to the stress hormone corticosterone, melanin-based coloration and body size. </p>
Fig. 14 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico
Fig. 14. Additive tree (phenogram), based on Mahalanobis D2 distances (table 13), depicting meristic resemblance among nine groups of Aspidoscelis tesselata. Distances (similarities) between groups are computed by adding lengths of nodes between groups of interest. Terminal nodes represent the nine groups, and internal nodes represent horizontal distances between clusters. As an interpretation example, the resemblance between Conchas 6CE and Conchas 1CE is 7.2 + 3.2 + 2.2 + 2.8 + 5.6 = 21.0, while the resemblance between Conchas 6CE and Macho EC is 7.2 + 1.0 + 1.9 + 3.1 = 13.2.
Fig. 3 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico
Fig. 3. Electrophoretic phenotypes of sACOH, a monomeric enzyme, from liver homogenates of nine specimens of A. tesselata of pattern class CE from Conchas Lake State Park, New Mexico. Letters below gel identify allozymes based on alleles present (table 3), and the genotype of each lizard is listed on the right. Lanes for individual lizards are labeled beside their patterns on the gel. Anode is to the right.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.