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29 results for “community collapse”
Data from: Is a community state reachable, and why?, and Coexistence and collapse: an experimental investigation of the persistent communities of a protist species pool
<p>Deterministic models have difficulties to take into account stochasticity during community assembly. As a tool to circumvent this problem, we present a qualitative discreteevent model, where consequences of interspecific interactions are described as rules. This model provides a map of all possible future dynamics for a given system, which allows to exhaustively describe the possible pathways during an assembly process. Such a description does not rely on species traits details and is insensitive to stochastic effects. This allows to show that subsets of species are sometimes impossible to reach starting from larger sets of species, and therefore to question the reachability of community states during the system’s dynamics. Applying the model to an experimental dataset studying the collapse of protist communities, we obtain a very good theory-experiment agreement. We finally discuss what the notion of reachability can bring to community assembly.</p>
Fig. 52 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 52. Accumulations of goniatite conchs and other fossils in the latest Frasnian strata of the Holy Cross Mountais. A. Conchs of Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901) in a piece of the Upper Kellwasserkalk from Płucki (Pł−391). B. Conchs of Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931) in association with Linguatornoceras sp. from the same bed. C. Acid etched sample Ko−142 from Kowala with similar but more homogenized association.
Fig. 43 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 43. Variability of P1 (sp) elements of the latest Frasnian palmatolepidids. Scattergrams show ontogenetic changes of the angle between the dorsal process and the posterior lobe of the platform in sample Pł−391 from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki (Fig. 42) overdominated by Lagovilepis bogartensis (with rare Manticolepis winchelli documented with its M elements), associated Klapperilepis triangularis and sample Wtr−18 from Wietrznia where only M elements of Manticolepis (probably a relic population of M. gigas) have been found (Fig. 38A–H). The Pł−391 population variability is separately shown for adult elements (longer than 1 mm) with contours of extreme and modal morphologies added. Note that there is no apparent difference in the course of ontogeny and morphologic variability of platform shape between L. bogartensis and M. winchelli or M. gigas (despite fundamental differences in the apparatus organisation) whereas K. triangularis is different in all these respects (plus the dorsal process bending).
Fig. 41 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 41. Palmatolepidid Lagovilepis bogartensis (Stauffer, 1938). A–J. Early population from the lower cephalopod limestone at Płucki, sample Pł−22; P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/656, 665, 1209, 657, 655, 1208 (A–F), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/658 (G), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/667 (H), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/668 (I), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/663 (J). K–O. Late population from Kowala, samples Ko−149 (K, L, O) and Ko−151 (M, N); P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/491 and 492 (K, L), S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1204 (M), and M (ne) elements ZPAL CXVI/1205 and 501 (N, O).
Fig. 37 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 37. Palmatolepidid Manticolepis gigas (Miller and Youngquist, 1947) from the midFrasnian of Wietrznia II quarry, sample Wtr−5; P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/752, 753, 754, 751, and 750 (A–E), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/758 (F), S0 (tr) elements ZPAL CXVI/761 and 760 (G, H), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/755 and 762 (I, L), S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/759 (J), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/757 (K), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/756 (M).
Fig. 27 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 27. Late Ancyrodella from the late Frasnian of Płucki. A–F, K. Ancyrodella lobata Branson and Mehl, 1934 from the lower cephalopod limestone, sample Pł−22, P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/627, 625, 626, 624, 630, and 629 (A–F), and P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/632 (K). G–J, L, M. Ancyrodella curvata Branson and Mehl, 1934 from the Upper Kellwasserkalk, sample Pł−391, P1 elements ZPAL CXVI/483, 1184, 484, 490, 632, 489, and 487 (G–I), M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/490 (J), S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/489 (L), and S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/487 (M). Magnifications shown by the bar scale in the upper left corner, except for G, J, L, M, and H with their own scales.
Fig. 33 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 33. Palmatolepidids from the mid−Frasnian of Wietrznia. A–H. Kielcelepis ljashenkoae (Ovnatanova, 1976) from Wietrznia, sample Wtr−15; P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/1108 and 1120 (A, B), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/1109 (C), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/1122 (D), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI /1110 (F), S2 (pl) elements ZPAL CXVI/1123 and 1102 (E–G), and S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1124 (N). I–S. Kielcelepis hassi (Müller and Müller, 1957) from sample Wtr−16 (M, O, S) and Wtr−30 (I–L, N, P–R); S0 element ZPAL CXVI/ 1125 (M), P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/ 1130, 1128, 1127, and 1129 (I–L), M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/1133 (N), S3–4 elements ZPAL CXVI/1126 and 1132 (O, Q), and P2 elements ZPAL CXVI/1135, 1131, and 1103 (P, R, S).
Fig. 26 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 26. Variability and species distinctions of P1 (sp) elements in early Ancyrodella. Scattergrams of density of tuberculation quantified as a ratio of approximated platform area (platform length PL multiplied by its width W) to the number of denticles (except those of carina) and approximated area of the smooth surface on the ventral end of the platform (length of this area S multiplied by its lateral extend E) against element length which serves as an approximation of ontogenetic stage. Three successive samples from Wietrznia are represented by pairs of these scattergrams. That of sample Wtr−7 is A. rotundiloba (Bryant, 1921), sample Wtr−9 represents A. alata (Glenister and Klapper, 1966), and sample Wtr−13 A. rugosa Branson and Mehl, 1934.
Fig. 49 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 49. Succession of palmatolepidid species in sections of the Frasnian and earliest Famennian representing probably relatively deeper (Płucki, Włochy) and shallower (Wietrznia) areas in the Holy Cross Mountains. Approximate percent contribution to samples shown by horizontal bars; provisional Ancyrodella−based zonation used to correlate sections (each lower zonal boundary defined on the evolutionary origin of its nominal species – they remain to be documented biometrically). Note that Klapperilepis triangularis and Conditolepis? linguiformis first appear in offshore areas and then expand to shallower environments. Also Lagovilepis bogartensis may be an open−sea species. Only K. praetriangularis survives the Frasnian–Famennian boundary event, probably being a relatively cold−water species. The record is too incomplete and punctuated to allow precise evolutionary studies but a general pattern of the evolution is shown with diagrammatic presentation of apparatuses.
Fig. 15 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 15. Playfordia primitiva (Bischoff and Ziegler, 1957) from the early Frasnian of Wietrznia Iquarry, sample Wtr−9; elements ZPAL CXVI/1061 (A), 1062 (B), and 1060 (C).
Fig. 11 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 11. The prioniodinid Pluckidina slupiensis sp. nov. from the early Frasnian of Włochy (sample Wł−R/A1) in the Holy Cross Mountains, P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/871 and 874 (A, B), P2 (oz) elements ZPAL CXVI/875 and 872 (C, D), S1 (lo) elements ZPAL CXVI/879 and 876 (E, F), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/880 (G), S2 (pl) elements ZPAL CXVI/877 and 878 (H, I; H holotype), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/873 (J), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/881 (K).
Fig. 56 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 56. Suture and growth lines and septal geometry of Frasnian goniatites from the Holy Cross Mountains. A, B. Acanthoclymenia genundewa (Clarke, 1898), suture lines of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1686 from Ściegnia and ZPAL AmVII/969 from Laskowa Góra (Kostomłoty).C–H. Koenenites lamellosus (Sandberger and Sandberger, 1856), suture lines and septum in lateral view of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1685 (also septal geometry, H) and 1687 from Ściegnia, ZPAL AmVII/970 from Laskowa, 1683 from Ściegnia, and ZPAL AmVII/1947 from Zamkowa Góra at Chęciny. I. Manticoceras lamed (Sandberger and Sandberger, 1850), specimen ZPAL AmVII/1558 from the lower cephalopod horizon at Płucki.J, K. Manticoceras adorfense (Wedekind, 1913) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture line and septal geometry of specimen ZPAL AmVII/1561 and growth line of ZPAL AmVII/1530.L, M. Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimen ZPAL AmVII/1484. N–P. Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1504, 1512, and 1505.Q, R. Linguatornoceras sp. from the lower cephalopod horizon at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1504, 1512, and 1505.S–U. Linguatornoceras sp. from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth lines and septal geometry of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1377, 1382, 1383, and 1523. V, X. Manticoceras drevermanni (Wedekind, 1913) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimens ZPALAmVII/1429, 610, and 1520. Y–AC. Crickites holzapfeli Wedekind, 1913 from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture and growth lines of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1520, 1527, 606, and 1531 (also septal geometry). Scale given when suture was traced from single more or less complete septum, composite drawings out of scale.
Fig. 29 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 29. Klapperina from the early Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains. A–E. Klapperina sp. from Wietrznia, sample Wtr−9, P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/1083, 1082, and 1081 (A–C), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/ 1093 (D), and S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/ 1084 (E). F. Klapperina sp. indet. from Włochy, sample Wł−R/A1, P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/916.
Fig. 10 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 10. The Frasnian prioniodinid Pluckidina kielcensis sp. nov. from the early Frasnian of Wietrznia (sample Wtr−9), Holy Cross Mountains, P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/1063 (A, holotype), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/1064 (B), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/1066 (C), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/1065 (D), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/1067 (E), S3 (ke) element ZPAL CXVI/1068 (F), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1069 (G), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/1070 (H).
Fig. 9 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 9. The prioniodinid Dyminodina gen. nov. from the Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains. A–I, O–Q. Dyminodina planidentata sp. nov. A–I. Lower cephalopod limestone at Płucki population (sample Pł−22), P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/598 (A), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/599 (B), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/601 (C), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/604 (D), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/602 (E), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/603 (F), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/606 (G; holotype). O–Q. Early Frasnian population from Wietrznia (sample Wtr−5), S4 element ZPAL CXVI/712 (P), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/713 (Q). H–J. Dyminodina anterodenticulata sp. nov. from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki (sample Pł−391), P1 element ZPAL CXVI/391 (H), M (ne) elements ZPAL CXVI/390 (I; holotype), and P2 element ZPAL CXVI/402 (J). K–Q. Dyminodina kovalensis sp. nov. from the topmost Frasnian at the Kowala Quarry, sample Ko−151, P1 element ZPAL CXVI/1191 (K), P2 element ZPAL CXVI/1192 (L), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1196 (M), S2 element ZPAL CXVI/1194 (N), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/1193 (O), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/1195 (P), M element ZPAL CXVI/ 1197 (Q; holotype).
Fig. 54 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 54. Non−gephuroceratid goniatites from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki. A–H. Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1471, 626, 1478, 1477, 1479, 1473, 617, and unnumbered SEM picture. I–M. Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931), specimens ZPALAmVII/616, 1510, 1505, 1506, and 628; note variation in conch proportions and ontogenetic changes in conch evoluteness. N–S. Linguatornoceras sp., specimens ZPAL AmVII/1380, 1727, 1725, 1374, 1376, and 1403; note variation in relative conch width. All × 2, except for H which is × 20 and P which is × 1.5.
Fig. 7. The prioniodinid Ligonodina pectinata Bassler, 1925 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 7. The prioniodinid Ligonodina pectinata Bassler, 1925 from the Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains. A, C, H, I. Late Frasnian population from the lower cephalopod limestone at Płucki (sample Pł−22); P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/ 621 (A), S0 (tr) elements ZPAL CXVI/618 and 617 (C, I), and S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/622 (H). B, E, F, I, J. Population from the mid−Frasnian of Wietrznia (sample Wtr−5), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/698 (B, I), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/695 (E), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/704 (F), and S4 element ZPAL CXVI/699 (J). D, L. Population from the mid−Frasnian of Wietrznia (sample Wtr−13), S2 element ZPAL CXVI/830 (D) and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/832 (L). G, K. Population from the early Frasnian of Włochy (sample Wł R/A1), S0 element ZPAL CXVI/866 (G) and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/870 (K).
Fig. 3 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 3. Ammonoids from the Skały Formation cropping out in an abandoned quarry near old water mill at Śniadka (exposure 6a of Sobolew 1909), 1 m below sample Sn−1. A–J. Holzapfeloceras sp. aff. H. croyi House, 1978; restored conch proportions (A), sutures (B, C; based on specimens ZPAL AmVII/97 and 487, respectively), growth lines (D; based on ZPAL AmVII/490), shell preserved three−dimensionally in concretion (E; ZPAL AmVII/485), crushed specimens showing partially preserved suture (F; ZPAL AmVII/484) and growth lines (G, H; ZPAL AmVII/490 and 488), and phragmocone fragments with preserved septa (I, J; ZPAL AmVII/487 and 79); all × 2 except for J which is × 3. K–M. Agoniatites sp., possibly A. vanuxemi (Hall, 1879); specimen ZPAL AmVII/483; restored cross section (K), suture (L), and actual specimen (M), × 2.
Fig. 4 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 4. Correlation of studied sections of the Frasnian in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland and position of conodont samples and ammonoid−bearing horizons. Note that the complete section of the Płucki main trench (extreme left) is drawn in different scale; samples between Pł−25 and Pł−18 come from small trenches. Above is a map of the Wietrznia quarries with locations of the sampled sections; the basal part of the section, with Ancyrodella soluta, has not been sampled because of low frequency of conodont elements (see Racki 1993); provisional zonation based on other Ancyrodella species is shown. Kowala section was measured at the eastern end of the quarry, the highest exploitation level. A. Wietrznia 1d of Racki et al. (1993; Racki and Bultynck 1993). B. Wietrznia 1e. C. Wietrznia block D of Szulczewski (1989). D. Wietrznia II.
Fig. 47 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland
Fig. 47. Succession of the earliest Famennian Klapperilepis gen. nov. populations at Płucki (see also Fig. 46). Aratio of the relative extent of the free carina (C/L) to the caudal lobe proclination angle is plotted for P1 (sp) elements. All measurable palmatolepidid platform elements from each sample are included (shape of the platform alone does not allow to discriminate species; they differ also in their more or less flat appearance). The number of species changes from one (Pł−20 and Pł−16) to two (Pł−42) to three (Pł−32). The pattern of variability of K. praetriangularis in the first Famennian sample Pł−20 (where it occurs alone as the only palmatolepidid) is indistinguishable from that in the latest Frasnian. Note increase of variability in sample Pł−16 which may be an effect of released competition from other palmatolepidids and character displacement in Pł−42, where the lineage of K. clarki appears, documented both by the diagnostic M (ne) elements and bimodal frequency distribution of P1 elements morphs. Subsequent changes resulted from a combination of immigration events and a phyletic evolution at the site.
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