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FIG. 6 in Ecometrics and Neogene faunal turnover: the roles of cats and hindlimb morphology in the assembly of carnivoran communities in the New World

FIG. 6. — Ecometric plots of ankle gear ratio in carnivoran assemblages from the Arikareean (latest Oligocene and earliest Miocene) through the present. The mean and standard deviation of each assemblage is indicated by the broken line and grey bands respectively. Family-level classification of each species can be found in Appendix 6.

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FIG. 1 in Ecometrics and Neogene faunal turnover: the roles of cats and hindlimb morphology in the assembly of carnivoran communities in the New World

FIG. 1. — Ankle gear ratio in Carnivoramorpha: A, plantarflexion in the carnivoran ankle joint (medial view). Black dot marks the approximate centre of rotation. Distance between dot and insertion of gastrocnemius is the approximate out-lever for plantarflexion. Scans of astragalus and calcaneum from Puma concolor (WRAZL 0210086); B, calcaneal anatomy and gear ratio (dorsal view); C, ecometric distribution of ankle gear ratio (y-axis) for 215 carnivormorphan species in rank order (x-axis). Felid and barbourofelid ratios are highlighted with black circles and stem lines. Horizontal broken line, mean value; grey band, 1 standard deviation. Colour coding matches Figure 2.

Fig. 7 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 7. Elaphropeza guenardi sp. nov., holotype, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo A. Samoh).

Fig. 2. Elaphropeza calcarifera Bezzi, 1907 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 2. Elaphropeza calcarifera Bezzi, 1907, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo A. Samoh).

Fig. 4 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 4. Elaphropeza furcatella sp. nov., holotype, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo A. Samoh). Barcode reference JP1F.

Fig. 6 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 6. Elaphropeza guenardi sp. nov., holotype, male terminalia (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; RBINS). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. Barcode reference JP1A. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3. Elaphropeza calcarifera Bezzi, 1907 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 3. Elaphropeza calcarifera Bezzi, 1907, male terminalia, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium, dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 16. Maximum Composite Likelihood model for 29 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 16. Maximum Composite Likelihood model for 29 species of Elaphropeza based on COI barcodes from specimens from Singapore and Hong Kong.

Fig. 5 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 5. Elaphropeza furcatella sp. nov., male terminalia, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium, dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. D. Tip of fused cerci. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 15. Elaphropeza xanthocephala Bezzi, 1912 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 15. Elaphropeza xanthocephala Bezzi, 1912, male terminalia, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium, dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 11. A–D in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 11. A–D. Elaphropeza hongshulin sp. nov., holotype, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Tip of right surstylus, lateral view. C. Epandrium dorsal view. D. Left surstylus. — E. E. malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, right epandrial lamella (after Grootaert & Shamshev 2012). — F. E. lowi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2012, right epandrial lamella (after Grootaert & Shamshev 2012). Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 14. Elaphropeza xanthocephala Bezzi, 1912 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 14. Elaphropeza xanthocephala Bezzi, 1912, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo C. Locatelli).

Fig. 9 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 9. Elaphropeza hongkongensis sp. nov., holotype, male terminalia, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang). A. Right epandrial lamella. B. Epandrium dorsal view. C. Left surstylus. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Species turnover between the northern and southern part of the South China Sea in the Elaphropeza Macquart mangrove fly communities of Hong Kong and Singapore (Insecta: Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 8. Elaphropeza hongkongensis sp. nov., holotype, ♂, habitus, RBINS (leg. C. Taylor and U. Chang; photo A. Samoh).

FIGURE 4 in Fish community turnover in a dammed Andean River over time

FIGURE 4 | Observed fish-species richness vs. environments. Violin plot comparing the median, interquartile range, and 95% confidence interval on the distribution pattern of richness among environments (left: native fish, right: non-native fish). The shape of the violin plot represents data distribution by kernel-density estimation, meaning that wider sections represent a higher probability of that given value of richness in that environment; the skinnier sections represent a lower probability. P-values from Kruskal–Wallis test for richness among environment is displayed. The environments were identified from upstream to downstream direction, as follows: (RPM) Porce River isolated between the dams, (RG) Guadalupe River, (RSV) Reservoir, (CFR) Creeks flowing to the reservoir, (CFD) Creeks flowing to the Porce River below the dam and (RPD) Porce River below the Porce III dam.

FIGURE 6 in Fish community turnover in a dammed Andean River over time

FIGURE 6 | Total variance in beta diversity (BDTotal) in each year and first Species Contributions to Beta-Diversity (SCBD) by year. Local contribution to beta-diversity (LCBD) per aquatic environment and year (black circles represents significant values p <0.05).

FIGURE 3 in Fish community turnover in a dammed Andean River over time

FIGURE 3 | Observed fish-species richness vs. time. Observed fish-species richness native (left) and non-native (right) by sampling year in the area of influence of the Porce III reservoir. The generalized linear models and their confidence interval have been added. Each point represents an environment.

FIGURE 1 in Fish community turnover in a dammed Andean River over time

FIGURE 1 | Sampling sites in Porce III reservoir. The digital elevation model (SRTM, 1 arc-second) was obtained from USGS Earth Explorer (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) and shape file of dams was obtained from IGAC (https://geoportal.igac.gov.co/). All other products were produced by the authors and are copyright-free.

FIGURE 2 in Fish community turnover in a dammed Andean River over time

FIGURE 2 | Changes in relative abundance over time in each aquatic environment (RPM) Porce River isolated between the dams, (RG) Guadalupe River, (RSV) Reservoir, (CFR) Creeks flowing to the reservoir, (CFD) Creeks flowing to the Porce River below the dam, and (RPD) Porce River below the Porce III dam. White vertical line represents the year of filling and separates the years of pre-construction and postfilling of the reservoir.

FIGURE 5 in Fish community turnover in a dammed Andean River over time

FIGURE 5 | Fish-assemblage ordination in the aquatic environments of Porce III by non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) using Jaccard similarity index. A. Before filling the reservoir from 2008 to 2011 and B. After filling the reservoir from 2017 to 2020. Environments are identified by symbols, and assemblage groups are identified by lines (70% of similarity). (RPM) Porce River isolated between the dams, (RG) Guadalupe River, (RSV) Reservoir, (CFR) Creeks flowing to the reservoir, (CFD) Creeks flowing to the Porce River below the dam, and (RPD) Porce River below the Porce III dam.