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30 results for “compensatory growth”
Metabolic recovery and compensatory shell growth of juvenile Pacific geoduck Panopea generosa following short-term exposure to acidified seawater
<p><strong>METABOLIC RECOVERY AND COMPENSATORY SHELL GROWTH OF JUVENILE PACIFIC GEODUCK <em>PANOPEA GENEROSA</em> FOLLOWING SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO ACIDIFIED SEAWATER</strong></p> <p><strong>Samuel J. Gurr<sup>1*</sup>, Brent Vadopalas<sup>2</sup>, Steven B. Roberts<sup>3</sup>, Hollie M. Putnam<sup>1</sup></strong></p> <p><sup>1 </sup>University of Rhode Island, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, 120 Flagg Rd, Kingston, RI 02881 USA</p> <p><sup>2 </sup>University of Washington, Washington Sea Grant, 3716 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA</p> <p><sup>3 </sup>University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA</p> <p><strong>*Corresponding author:</strong> Fax: Phone:1-401-874-9510 Email: samuel_gurr@uri.edu</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>While acute stressors can be detrimental, environmental stress conditioning can improve performance. To test the hypothesis that physiological status is altered by stress conditioning, we subjected juvenile Pacific geoduck, <em>Panopea generosa, </em>to repeated exposures of elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in a commercial hatchery setting followed by a period in ambient common garden. Respiration rate and shell length were measured for juvenile geoduck periodically throughout short-term repeated reciprocal exposure periods in ambient (~550 µatm) or elevated (~2400 µatm) <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> treatments and in common, ambient conditions, five months after exposure. Short-term exposure periods comprised an initial 10-day exposure followed by 14 days in ambient before a secondary 6-day reciprocal exposure. The initial exposure to elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2 </sub>significantly reduced respiration rate by 25% relative to ambient conditions, but no effect on shell growth was detected. Following 14 days in common garden, ambient conditions, reciprocal exposure to elevated or ambient <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> did not alter juvenile respiration rates, indicating ability for metabolic recovery under subsequent conditions. Shell growth was negatively affected during the reciprocal treatment in both exposure histories, however clams exposed to the initial elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> showed compensatory growth with 5.8% greater shell length (on average between the two secondary exposures) after five months in ambient conditions. Additionally, clams exposed to the secondary elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2 </sub>showed 52.4% increase in respiration rate after five months in ambient conditions. Early exposure to low pH appears to trigger carry-over effects suggesting bioenergetic re-allocation facilitates growth compensation. Life stage-specific exposures to stress can determine when it may be especially detrimental, or advantageous, to apply stress conditioning for commercial production of this long-lived burrowing clam.</p> <p> </p>
Warming, nitrogen deposition and provenance shift above-belowground insect interactions and host compensatory growth
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Data from: Oxidative stress mediates rapid compensatory growth and its costs
<p>1. While oxidative stress has been hypothesized to function both as a constraint on and a cost of growth, its mediatory role in shaping life history is still highly debated. Empirical studies about the role of oxidative stress in shaping growth responses and the associated costs are scarce and the two hypotheses have never been combined in one study.</p> <p>2. By directly manipulating oxidative stress we tested its role in determining compensatory growth responses and the associated costs in the damselfly Lestes viridis. We reduced oxidative stress levels using the mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). To induce a compensatory growth response, half of the larvae in each oxidant treatment was exposed to a transient starvation period, after which food was present ad libitum.</p> <p>3. As expected, the transient starvation period induced a compensatory growth response, which was associated with increased oxidative damage and costs in terms of performance (reduced escape swimming speed) and physiology (reduced fat content). As expected, DNP exposure reduced oxidative stress and this resulted in the strongest compensatory growth response without any apparent costs and no increase in oxidative damage.</p> <p>4. By directly downregulating oxidative stress, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the level of oxidative stress predictably determines the degree of the compensatory growth response and its associated costs. Our data therefore suggest a mediatory role of oxidative stress in shaping life history.</p>
Data from: Compensatory growth is accompanied by changes in insulin-like growth factor-1 but not markers of cellular aging in a long-lived seabird
<p>Developing organisms often plastically modify growth in response to environmental circumstances, which may be adaptive, but is expected to entail long-term costs. However, the mechanisms that mediate these growth adjustments and any associated costs are less well understood. In vertebrates, one mechanism that may be important in this context is the highly conserved signaling factor insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is often positively related to post-natal growth and negatively related to longevity. To test this idea, we exposed captive Franklin's gulls (<em>Leucophaeus</em> <em>pipixcan</em>) to a physiologically relevant nutritional stressor by restricting food availability during post-natal development and examined the effects on growth, IGF-1, and two potential biomarkers of cellular and organismal aging (oxidative stress, and telomeres). During food restriction, experimental chicks gained body mass more slowly and had lower IGF-1 levels than controls. Following the food restriction, experimental chicks underwent compensatory growth, which was accompanied by an increase in IGF-1 levels. Interestingly however, there were no significant effects of the experimental treatment or of variation in IGF-1 levels on oxidative stress or telomeres. These findings suggest that IGF-1 is responsive to changes in resource availability but is not associated with increased markers of cellular aging during development in this relatively long-lived species.</p>
Compensatory growth partially mediates the effects of stressors associated with climate change on amphibian physiology
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Data from: Diversity effects and compensatory dynamics drive productivity and stability in temperate old-growth forests
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Data from: Compensatory growth is accompanied by changes in insulin-like growth factor-1 but not markers of cellular aging in a long-lived seabird
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Recovery of a cultivation grazer: A mechanism for compensatory growth of Thalassia testudinum in a Caribbean seagrass meadow grazed by green turtles
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Data from: Oxidative stress mediates rapid compensatory growth and its costs
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Compensatory growth and costs of molluscivory in Gambusia holbrooki
<p>Some prey are exceptionally difficult to digest, and yet even non-specialized animals may consume them—why? Durophagy, the consumption of hard-shelled prey, is thought to require special adaptations for crushing or digesting the hard shells to avoid the many potential costs of this prey type. But many animals lacking specializations nevertheless include hard-bodied prey in their diets. We describe several non-mutually exclusive adaptive mechanisms that could explain such a pattern, and point to optimal foraging and compensatory growth as potentially having widespread importance in explaining costly-prey consumption. We first conducted a literature survey to quantify the regularity with which non-specialized teleost fishes consume hard-shelled prey: stomach-content data from 325 teleost fish species spanning 82 families (57,233 stomach samples) demonstrated that non-specialized species comprise approximately 75% of the total species exhibiting durophagy, commonly consuming hard-shelled prey at low to moderate levels (~10–40% as much as specialists). We then performed a diet survey to assess the frequency of molluscivory across the native latitudinal range of a small livebearing fish, <i>Gambusia holbrooki</i>, lacking durophagy specializations. Molluscivory was regionally widespread,<i> </i>spanning their entire native latitudinal range (> 14° latitude). Third, we tested for a higher frequency of molluscivory under conditions of higher intraspecific resource competition in Bahamian mosquitofish (<i>Gambusia </i>spp.). Examining over 5,300 individuals, we found that molluscivory was more common in populations with higher population density, suggesting that food limitation is important in eliciting molluscivory. Finally, we experimentally tested in <i>G. holbrooki</i> whether molluscivory reduces growth rate and whether compensatory growth follows a period of molluscivory. We found that consumption of hard-shelled gastropods results in significantly reduced growth rate, but compensatory growth following prior snail consumption can quickly mitigate growth costs. Our results suggest that the widespread phenomenon of costly-prey consumption may be partially explained by its relative benefits when few alternative prey options exist, combined with compensatory growth that alleviates temporary costs.</p>
Data from: Compensatory growth in C. elegans is regulated by a thermosensitive TRP channel and increases reproductive fitness
<p>Animals are often not growing at the maximum rate, but can compensate for a bad start of life by further increasing growth rate. While this compensatory growth is widespread, its direct fitness consequences are seldom investigated and its genetic basis is unknown. We investigated the genetic regulation, as well as fitness and lifespan consequences of compensatory growth in response to temperature, using <i>C. elegans</i> knockout of the thermo-sensitive TRP ion channel TRPA-1, involved in temperature recognition. We exposed juvenile worms to cold, normal or warm temperatures in order to delay or speed up development. After returning to normal temperature, we found that wild-type worms where early development was delayed, expressed compensatory growth and catched up in size, while juvenile exposure to warm temperatures expressed slowed-down growth and small size. Compensatory growth also altered the reproductive schedule towards early reproduction, so that rate-sensitive individual fitness increased even though total reproduction was unaffected. Surprisingly, no lifespan cost of compensatory growth was found. In contrast, juvenile temperature did not induce compensatory or slowed-down growth in the <i>trpa-1</i> knockout mutants, and consequently did not affect fitness. We show that temperature-induced compensatory growth in <i>C. elegans</i> is regulated by the <i>trpa-1</i> and can increase fitness.</p>
Coding and noncoding genes involved in atrophy and compensatory muscle growth in Nile Tilapia
<p><strong>Electronic Supplementary Material</strong><strong>: </strong>Supplementary Table S1;Supplementary Table S2;Supplementary Table S3</p>
Restored legume acts as a 'nurse' to facilitate plant compensatory growth and biomass production in mown grasslands
<p>Legume restoration was conducted in a temperate grassland in Hulunbuir, northeastern Inner Mongolia, China, by reseeding native legumes. This process was followed by annual mowing and phosphorus (P) application over a seven-year period (2014–2020). Throughout this period, we measured aboveground biomass, plant diversity, and the relative biomass of five functional plant groups each year. In 2020, we assessed six functional traits of 15 common plant species in both legume-restored and naturally-restored grasslands, respectively. Using these trait values and relative biomass data, we calculated community-weighted means and functional diversity indices for each plot.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Organizing effects of adverse early-life condition on body mass, compensatory growth and reproduction: experimental studies in rock pigeons
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Data from: Compensatory growth in C. elegans is regulated by a thermosensitive TRP channel and increases reproductive fitness
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Data from: Population divergence in compensatory growth responses and their costs in sticklebacks
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Compensatory growth and costs of molluscivory in Gambusia holbrooki
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Data from: Carry-over effects of early thermal conditions on somatic and germline oxidative damages are mediated by compensatory growth in sticklebacks
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Age and location influence the costs of compensatory and accelerated growth in a hibernating mammal
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Data from: Inbreeding depression does not increase after exposure to a stressful environment: a test using compensatory growth
Background: Inbreeding is often associated with a decrease in offspring fitness ('inbreeding depression'). Moreover, it is generally assumed that the negative effects of inbreeding are exacerbated in stressful environments. This G × E interaction has been explored in many taxa under different environmental conditions. These studies usually manipulate environmental conditions either in adulthood or throughout an individual's entire life. Far fewer studies have tested how stressful environments only experienced during development subsequently influence the effects of inbreeding on adult traits. Results: We experimentally manipulated the diet (control versus low food) of inbred and outbred juvenile Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) for three weeks (days 7-28) to test whether experiencing a presumably stressful environment early in life influences their subsequent growth and adult phenotypes. The control diet was a standard laboratory food regime, while fish on the low food diet received less than 25 % of this amount of food. Unexpectedly, despite a large sample size (237 families, 908 offspring) and a quantified 23 % reduction in genome-wide heterozygosity in inbred offspring from matings between full-siblings (f = 0.25), neither inbreeding nor its interaction with early diet affected growth trajectories, juvenile survival or adult size. Individuals did not mitigate a poor start in life by showing 'compensatory growth' (i.e. faster growth once the low food treatment ended), but they showed 'catch-up growth' by delaying maturation. There was, however, no effect of inbreeding on the extent of catch-up growth. Conclusions: There were no detectable effects of inbreeding on growth or adult size, even on a low food diet that should elevate inbreeding depression. Thus, the long-term costs of inbreeding due to lower male reproductive success we have shown in another study appear to be unrelated to inbreeding depression for adult male size or the growth rates that are reported in the current study.
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