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11 results for “competitive release”
Seasonal release from competition explains partial migration in European moose
Partial migration, whereby a proportion of a population migrates between distinct seasonal ranges, is common throughout the animal kingdom. However, studies linking existing theoretical models of migration probability, with empirical data are lacking. The competitive release hypothesis for partial migration predicts that due to density-dependent habitat selection, the proportion of migrants increases as the relative quality and size of the seasonal range increases, but decreases with increasing migration cost and population density. To test this prediction, we developed a quantitative framework to predict the proportion of migrants, using empirical data from 545 individually GPS-marked moose (Alces alces) from across Fennoscandia, spanning latitudes of 56° to 68°N. Moose contracted their ranges to common and spatially limited winter areas (typically at lower elevation), but expanded them during summer due to an increase in suitable habitat (at highland ranges). As predicted from our model, a better and larger highland range relative to the lowland range corresponded to a higher proportion of migrants in an area. Quantitative predictions coupling the balance of habitat availability of seasonal ranges with the probability of migrating in a large herbivore is a necessary step towards an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms underlying migration at the population level.
Data from: Mycorrhizal-herbivore interactions and the competitive release of subdominant tallgrass prairie species
<p>Plant-microbial-herbivore interactions play a crucial role in the structuring and maintenance of plant communities and biodiversity, yet these relationships are complex. In grassland ecosystems, herbivores have the potential to greatly influence the survival, growth, and reproduction of plants. However, few studies examine interactions of above- and belowground grazing and AM mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant community structure. We established experimental mesocosms containing an assemblage of eight tallgrass prairie grass and forb species in native prairie soil, maintained under mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal conditions, with and without native herbivorous soil nematodes, and with and without grasshopper herbivory. Using factorial analysis of variance and principal component analysis, we examined: a) the independent and interacting effects of above- and belowground herbivores on AM symbiosis in tallgrass prairie mesocosms, b) independent and interacting effects of above- and belowground herbivores and mycorrhizal fungi on plant community structure, and c) potential influences of mycorrhizal responsiveness of host plants on herbivory tolerance, and concomitant shifts in plant community composition. Treatment effects were characterized by interactions between AM fungi and both aboveground and belowground herbivores, while herbivore effects were additive. The dominance of mycorrhizal-dependent C<sub>4</sub> grasses in the presence of AMF symbiosis was increased (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) by grasshopper herbivory but reduced (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) by nematode herbivory. Cool-season C<sub>3</sub> grasses exhibited a competitive release in the absence of AMF symbiosis but this effect was largely reversed in the presence of grasshopper herbivory. Forbs showed species-specific responses to both AM fungal inoculation and the addition of herbivores. Biomass of the grazing-avoidant, facultatively mycotrophic forb <em>Brickellia eupatorioides</em> increased (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) in the absence of AMF symbiosis and with grasshopper herbivory, while AMF-related increases in the aboveground biomass of mycorrhizal-dependent forbs <em>Rudbeckia hirta</em> and <em>Salvia azurea</em> were eradicated (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) by grasshopper herbivory. In contrast, nematode herbivory enhanced (<em>p</em> = 0.001) the contribution of <em>Salvia azurea</em> to total biomass.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>: Our research indicates that AM symbiosis is the key driver of the dominance of C<sub>4</sub> grasses in the tallgrass prairie, with foliar and root herbivory being two mechanisms for the maintenance of plant diversity.</p>
Data from: Mycorrhizal-herbivore interactions and the competitive release of subdominant tallgrass prairie species
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Seasonal release from competition explains partial migration in European moose
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Data from: Competitive release leads to range expansion and rampant speciation in Malagasy dung beetles
Competition is often thought to promote ecological diversification and thereby to facilitate the coexistence of competitors during evolutionary radiations. At large spatial scales, species may also coexist by having allopatric distributions, which raises the question about the role of range expansion in the proliferation of species during radiations. Here, we integrate a well-sampled (50 out of 74 species) and timed phylogeny of Nanos and Apotolamprus dung beetles (Canthonini) in Madagascar with data on species' geographical ranges, abundances, and body sizes. There is an overall decline in lineage accumulation through time since the colonization of northern Madagascar in the mid Miocene (24 to 13 Ma). A clade of 24 extant Nanos species (clade L) originating 6.0 Ma exhibits a secondary increase in speciation rate, which is associated with a significant increase in body size and strikingly allopatric distributions of the species. Large body size typically confers a competitive advantage in dung beetles, which is here reflected by strong numerical dominance of clade L species in local communities. We suggest that the 'key innovation' of large body size has allowed range expansion due to competitive release, which has created extensive opportunities for allopatric speciation and differentiation along environmental gradients. Most theories to explain diversification patterns in Madagascar rely on allopatric modes of speciation, but they fail to explain how ancestral species became widespread in the first place. The mechanism proposed here, involving range expansion following competitive release via a "key innovation", may have operated in other Malagasy taxa with large numbers of species with small geographic ranges.
Data from: Competitive release leads to range expansion and rampant speciation in Malagasy dung beetles
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Data from: Evolving interactions between diazotrophic cyanobacterium and phage mediate nitrogen release and host competitive ability
Interactions between nitrogen-fixing (i.e. diazotrophic) cyanobacteria and their viruses, cyanophages, can have large-scale ecosystem effects. These effects are mediated by temporal alterations in nutrient availability in aquatic systems owing to the release of nitrogen and carbon sources from cells lysed by phages, as well as by ecologically important changes in the diversity and fitness of cyanobacterial populations that evolve in the presence of phages. However, ecological and evolutionary feedbacks between phages and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are still relative poorly understood. Here, we used an experimental evolution approach to test the effect of interactions between a common filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium (Nodularia sp.) and its phage on cellular nitrogen release and host properties. Ecological, community-level effects of phage-mediated nitrogen release were tested with a phytoplankton bioassay. We found that cyanobacterial nitrogen release increased significantly as a result of viral lysis, which was associated with enhanced growth of phytoplankton species in cell-free filtrates compared with phage-resistant host controls in which lysis and subsequent nutrient release did not occur after phage exposure. We also observed an ecologically important change among phage-evolved cyanobacteria with phage-resistant phenotypes, a short-filamentous morphotype with reduced buoyancy compared with the ancestral long-filamentous morphotype. Reduced buoyancy might decrease the ability of these morphotypes to compete for light compared with longer, more buoyant filaments. Together, these findings demonstrate the potential of cyanobacteria–phage interactions to affect ecosystem biogeochemical cycles and planktonic community dynamics.
Data from: Competitive release and outbreaks of non-target pests associated with transgenic Bt cotton
The adoption of transgenic Bt cotton has, in some cases, led to environmental and economic benefits through reduced insecticide use. However, the distribution of these benefits and associated risks among cotton growers and cotton-growing regions, has been uneven due in part to outbreaks of non-target or secondary pests, thereby requiring the continued use of synthetic insecticides. In the southeastern United States, Bt cotton adoption has resulted in increased abundance of and damage from stink bug pests, Euschistus servus and Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). While the impact of increased stink bug abundance has been well-documented, the causes have remained unclear. We hypothesize that release from competition with Bt-susceptible target pests may drive stink bug outbreaks in Bt cotton. We first examined the evidence for competitive release of stink bugs through meta-analysis of previous studies. We then experimentally tested if herbivory by Bt-susceptible Helicoverpa zea increases stink bug leaving rates and deters oviposition on non-Bt cotton. Consistent with previous studies, we found differences in leaving rates only for E. servus, but we found that both species strongly avoided ovipositing on H. zea-damaged plants. Considering all available evidence, competitive release of stink bug populations in Bt cotton likely contributes to outbreaks, though the relative importance of competitive release remains an open question. Ecological risk assessments of Bt crops and other transgenic insecticidal crops would benefit from greater understanding of the ecological mechanisms underlying non-target pest outbreaks and greater attention to indirect ecological effects more broadly.
Data from: Competitive release and outbreaks of non-target pests associated with transgenic Bt cotton
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Data from: Evolving interactions between diazotrophic cyanobacterium and phage mediate nitrogen release and host competitive ability
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20 Competitive Athletes of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Where Randomly Assigned in a Myofascial Diaphragm Release Technique or a Sham Technique in Order to Investigate the Immediate Effects of Thoracic Mobilit
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07150039. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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