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129 results for “competitive response”
Blind Prediction Competition - Sera.ta - Seismic Response of Masonry Cross Vaults: Shaking table tests and numerical validations
<p>Masonry vaults play a much relevant role in the seismic response of heritage masonry buildings, ranging from housing to the greatest cathedrals. Acting as both a ceiling and a structural horizontal diaphragm with significant mass, their mechanical behaviour affects the overall seismic response of buildings, in terms of strength, stiffness, and ductility. Moreover, local damage and collapse of vaults may produce significant losses in terms of cultural assets and casualties. In spite of the importance of this topic, the evaluation of the complex three-dimensional behaviour of vaults is still an important challenge for researchers. The main objectives of the present research project are:<br> 1) to better understand the seismic behaviour of masonry cross vaults by means of shaking table tests on both full-scale and small-scale models;<br> 2) to assess the capability of different modelling/analysis approaches to predict the seismic response of these masonry structures.</p> <p>In particular, three sets of shaking table tests are planned:<br> a. Tests on a 1:1 scale model of a brick unreinforced masonry cross vault: to investigate the behaviour of brick masonry cross vaults under different seismic inputs, in terms of damage, displacement capacity and peak acceleration.<br> b. Tests on a 1:1 scale model of a brick reinforced masonry cross vault: to evaluate the effectiveness of reinforcing techniques to repair the vaults tested in a).</p> <p>In addition to the experimental tests, a blind prediction competition is performed to assess the efficacy of different modelling strategies and analysis techniques. The final aims are to improve the safety assessment procedures proposed for historic masonry buildings in Eurocode 8.3 and to provide better seismic assessment techniques and strengthening measures.</p>
Experimental evolution under varying sex ratio and behavioral plasticity in response to perceived competitive environment independently affect calling effort in male crickets
<p>The operational sex ratio (OSR) is a key component influencing the magnitude of sexual selection driving the evolution of male sexual traits, but males often also retain the ability to plastically modulate trait expression depending on the current environment. Here we employed an experimental evolution approach to determine whether the OSR affects the evolution of male calling effort in decorated crickets, a costly sexual trait, and whether plasticity in calling effort is altered by the OSR under which males have evolved. Calling effort of males from two selection regimes maintained at different OSRs over 18–20 generations (male- versus female-biased) was recorded at two different levels of perceived competition, in the absence of rivals or in the presence of an experimentally muted competitor. The effect of the OSR on the evolution of male calling effort was modest and in the opposite direction predicted by theory. Instead, the immediate competitive environment strongly influenced male calling effort as males called more in the presence of a rival, revealing considerable plasticity in this trait. This increased calling effort came at a cost, however, as males confined with a muted rival experienced significantly higher mortality.</p>
Fast-slow traits predict competition network structure and its response to resources and enemies
<p>Plants interact in complex networks but how network structure depends on resources, natural enemies, and species resource-use strategy remains poorly understood. Here, we quantified competition networks among 18 plants varying in fast-slow strategy, by testing how increased nutrient availability and reduced foliar pathogens affected intra- and inter-specific interactions. Our results show that nitrogen and pathogens altered several aspects of network structure, often in unexpected ways due to fast and slow-growing species responding differently. Nitrogen addition increased competition asymmetry in slow-growing networks, as expected, but decreased it in fast-growing networks. Pathogen reduction made networks more even and less skewed because pathogens targeted weaker competitors. Surprisingly, pathogens and nitrogen dampened each other's effect. Our results show that plant growth strategy is key to understanding how competition responds to resources and enemies, a prediction from classic theories that has rarely been tested by linking functional traits to competition networks.</p>
Postdiction Competition - Sera.ta - Seismic Response of Masonry Cross Vaults: Shaking table tests and numerical validations
<p>Once the blind prediction has been completed (DOI 10.5281/zenodo.7624666), new data are given to the research groups to perform the post diction simulations. The main objectives are:</p> <ul> <li>to calibrate the numerical model based on the dynamic properties;</li> <li>to emprove the capability of different modelling/analysis approaches and better justify the numerical assumptions.</li> </ul> <p>Below you can find the data set for the post diction analysis namely:</p> <ul> <li>Unstrengthened specimen results: </li> <li>Strengthened specimen results: </li> <li>Results of mix mortars used for the TRM technique:</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Data from: Prey or protection? Access to food alters individual responses to competition in black widow spiders
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Data from: Shade tolerance controls the spectrum of crown sizes and its response to local competition across European and North American tree species: Implications for light interception strategies
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Experimental evolution under varying sex ratio and behavioral plasticity in response to perceived competitive environment independently affect calling effort in male crickets
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Fast-slow traits predict competition network structure and its response to resources and enemies
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Female chacma baboons modulate their sexual receptivity in response to male intrasexual competition
<p>Research in social mammals has revealed the complexity of strategies females use in response to female-female reproductive competition and sexual conflict. One point at which competition and conflict manifest acutely is during sexual receptivity, indicated by swellings in some primates. Whether females can adjust their sexual receptivity from cycle to cycle to decrease reproductive competition and sexual conflict in response to social pressures has not been tested. As a first step, this study explores whether sexual receptivity duration is predicted social pressures in wild female chacma baboons (<em>Papio</em> <em>ursinus</em>). Given that female baboons face intense reproductive competition and sexual coercion, we predicted that: females could shorten the duration of their sexual receptive period to reduce female-female aggression and male coercion or increase it to access multiple or their preferred male(s). We quantified 157 ovulatory cycles from 46 wild females living in central Namibia recorded over 15 years. We found no support for our hypothesis; however, our analyses revealed a negative correlation between maximal-swelling duration and group size, a proxy of within-group competition. This study provides further evidence that swelling is costly as well as a testable framework for future investigations of 'cycle length manipulation'.</p>
Sperm production and allocation in response to risks of sperm competition in the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens
<p>Dataset and R script used in the study: "Sperm production and allocation in response to risks of sperm competition in the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens".</p>
Testing hormonal responses to real and simulated social challenges in a competitive female bird
<p>Competitive interactions often occur in series; therefore animals may respond to social challenges in ways that prepare them for success in future conflict. Changes in the production of the steroid hormone testosterone (T) are thought to mediate phenotypic responses to competition, but research over the past few decades has yielded mixed results, leading to several potential explanations as to why T does not always elevate following a social challenge. Here, we measured T levels in tree swallows (<i>Tachycineta bicolor</i>), a system in which females compete for limited nesting cavities and female aggression is at least partially mediated by T. We experimentally induced social challenges in two ways: (1) using decoys to simulate territorial intrusions and (2) removing subsets of nesting cavities to increase competition among displaced and territory-holding females. Critically, these experiments occurred pre-laying, when females are physiologically capable of rapidly increasing circulating T levels. However, despite marked aggression in both experiments, T did <i>not</i> elevate following real or simulated social challenges, and in some cases, socially-challenged females had lower T levels than controls. Likewise, the degree of aggression was negatively correlated with T levels following a simulated territorial intrusion. Though not in line with the idea that social challenges prompt T elevation in preparation for future challenges, these patterns nevertheless connect T to territorial aggression in females. Coupled with past work showing that T promotes aggression, these results suggest that T may act rapidly to allow animals to adaptively respond to the urgent demands of a competitive event.</p>
Physiological responses of fen mosses along a nitrogen gradient point to competition restricting their fundamental niches
<p>Nutrient availability determines vegetation patterns and ecological functioning of intact groundwater-fed peatlands (fens). Bryophytes, commonly referred to as 'brown mosses', dominate calcareous fens (rich fens), are an integral part of their unique biodiversity and contribute significantly to peat formation and carbon sequestration. Brown mosses are replaced by vascular plants as nutrient availability increases. The decline of brown mosses may either be due to their physiological intolerance of high nutrient levels or to them being outcompeted by vascular plants. We aimed to distinguish between these two hypotheses by investigating whether the ecological optima reflect the physiological optima of brown mosses. Eight brown moss species, common in calcareous fens of the northern hemisphere, were grown under a gradient of nitrogen and phosphorus availability. Biomass increment, chlorophyll content and biomass nutrient concentration were measured. All brown moss species studied achieved the highest growth rates and chlorophyll contents when grown under conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations higher than those where they occur naturally at the highest frequency. Two of the species showed no growth saturation even at the highest levels of nutrient availability, while the others appeared potassium-limited at the highest N and P levels. Brown mosses dominate natural fens at the lower edge of their physiological optimum in terms of nutrient availability, i.e., their realized niche is much narrower than the fundamental one. Based on the literature, we argue that it is the competition for light with vascular plants which limits the occurrence of brown mosses in nutrient-rich habitats and prevents them from occupying their entire fundamental niche.</p>
Belowground plant competition: Uncoupling root response strategies of peas
<p>Belowground plant competition was shown to induce varying responses, from increases to decreases in root biomass allocation or in directional root placement. Such inconsistencies could result from the fact that root allocation and directional growth were seldom studied together, even though they might represent different strategies. Moreover, variations in belowground responses might be due to different size hierarchies between plants, but this hypothesis was not studied previously. In a greenhouse rhizobox experiment, we examined the way both root allocation and directional root placement of <em>Pisum sativum</em> are affected by the size and density of <em>Festuca glauca</em> neighbors, and by nutrient distribution. We found that root allocation of <em>P. sativum</em> increased with the density and size of <em>F. glauca</em>. In contrast, directional root placement was unaffected by neighbor size and either increased toward or away from neighbors when nutrients were patchily or uniformly distributed, respectively. These results demonstrate that directional root placement under competition is contingent on the distribution of soil resources. Interestingly, our results suggest that root allocation and directional placement might be uncoupled strategies that simultaneously provide stress tolerance and spatial responsiveness to neighbors, thus highlighting the importance of measuring both when studying belowground plant competition.</p>
Sleep Architecture in Response to a Late Evening Competition in Team-Sport Athletes
<p>Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a late evening competition on sleep characteristics and perceived recovery in team-sport players using a validated self-applicable and portable polysomnographic device. Methods: Sixteen teamsport players (age: 25.4 [1.4] y; body mass index: 23.6 [0.5] kg/m2) completed the study. Objective and subjective sleep data were collected for 4 consecutive nights: 2 nights before (PRE2 and PRE1) and the 2 nights after an eveningmatch (POST1), performed between 6:00 PM and 9:00 PM. Total quality of recovery values were also collected in the morning. Results: A significantly delayed bedtime (P < .0001; η2p = .68, large) was observed in the first night after the competition (2 h 29 min [1 h 15 min]) compared both to PRE2 (+88 min; P < .0001), PRE1 (+98 min; P < .0001), and POST1 (+100 min; P < .0001), and similar results were observed for wake-up time (P = .033; η2p = .39, large): Players woke up significantly later in evening match (9 h 20 min [1 h 55 min]) compared with PRE2 (+85 min; P = .050) and POST1 (+85 min; P = .049). Conversely, total sleep time; sleep efficiency; sleep onset latency; wake after sleep onset; cortical arousals; N1, N2, N3, and REM (rapid eye movement) percentages; total quality of recovery values; and scores of subjective sleep quality did not vary among the 4 study nights. Conclusions: Team-sport players had delayed bedtime and wake up time following an evening competition; however, sleep quality, duration, and subjective scores of recovery were not affected by the evening match. The delayed wake-up time seems to protect athletes’ sleep efficiency/duration against the evening-match-induced delayed bedtime.</p>
Spore germination and gametophore development of mosses in response to competition
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Interactions between moss species in their earliest growth stages have received little attention. To what extent interspecific competition or priority effects influence spore germination, protonemal development, and gametophore emergence is unknown. We evaluated such effects in pairwise interaction between six common bryophyte species: <em>Atrichum undulatum, Bryum argenteum, Ceratodon purpureus, Funaria hygrometrica, Hypnum cupressiforme,</em> and <em>Leptobryum pyriforme</em>. </span><span>Interspecific interactions were assessed in vitro. Spores were sterilized and sown on agar plates in three treatments: 1) as single species cultures (controls), 2) as pairwise species cultures inoculated simultaneously, and 3) with a time lag of 20 days between species. Data on time needed for spore germination, germination rate, the time needed for gametophore differentiation, number of gametophores per germinated spore and average diameter of colonies were collected. We also performed spore germination tests in single-species cultures at the start and end of the study, as well as tests for density-dependency at spore germination and gametophore formation. </span></p>
Data from: Plant responses to light competition: Does evolutionary history matter?
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Sensing of extracellular L-Proline availability by the integrated stress response determines the outcome of cell competition
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Data from: Competitive response of savanna tree seedlings to C4 grasses is negatively related to photosynthesis rate
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Spore germination and gametophore development of mosses in response to competition
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Testing hormonal responses to real and simulated social challenges in a competitive female bird
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.